Carbohydrate Metabolism: Interactive Learning Quizzes for Advanced Diploma in Healthcare

Question 1

Identify the initial step in the glycolysis pathway.

Accepted Answer

Phosphorylation of glucose

Answer

Isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate

Answer

Phosphofructokinase-1 reaction

Answer

Pyruvate kinase reaction

Question 2

What is the primary purpose of the citric acid cycle?

Accepted Answer

Production of NADH and FADH2 molecules

Answer

ATP generation

Answer

Conversion of glucose to pyruvate

Answer

Storage of energy in glycogen form

Question 3

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating gluconeogenesis?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

Cortisol

Question 4

Identify the key enzyme involved in the regulation of glycolysis.

Accepted Answer

Phosphofructokinase-1

Answer

Hexokinase

Answer

Pyruvate kinase

Answer

Glucose-6-phosphatase

Question 5

Which condition results from abnormally high levels of glucose in the bloodstream?

Accepted Answer

Hyperglycemia

Answer

Hypoglycemia

Answer

Glycogen storage disease

Answer

Lactose intolerance

Question 6

Which enzyme catalyzes the isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate?

Accepted Answer

Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase

Answer

Hexokinase

Answer

Phosphofructokinase

Answer

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Question 7

What is the net gain of ATP molecules during glycolysis under aerobic conditions?

Accepted Answer

4

Answer

1

Answer

2

Answer

6

Question 8

What is the primary function of oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle?

Accepted Answer

To accept carbon atoms from acetyl-CoA

Answer

To release carbon atoms as CO2

Answer

To donate electrons to the electron transport chain

Answer

To synthesize ATP

Question 9

Which of the following is a high-energy intermediate produced during the citric acid cycle?

Accepted Answer

Succinyl-CoA

Answer

Citrate

Answer

Isocitrate

Answer

α-Ketoglutarate

Question 10

What is a potential clinical consequence of pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency?

Accepted Answer

Lactic acidosis

Answer

Hypoglycemia

Answer

Hyperglycemia

Answer

Ketone body accumulation

Question 11

In which disorder is there a defect in the recycling of glucose-6-phosphate?

Accepted Answer

G6PD deficiency

Answer

Fructose intolerance

Answer

Galactosemia

Answer

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

Question 12

Which step initiates glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

Glucose phosphorylation

Answer

Isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate

Answer

Cleavage of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

Answer

Oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

Question 13

Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA in the citric acid cycle?

Accepted Answer

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

Answer

Citrate synthase

Answer

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Answer

α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Question 14

What is the electron transport chain's function in carbohydrate metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation

Answer

Reduce NADH and FADH2

Answer

Produce pyruvate

Answer

Convert glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic associated with glycogen storage diseases?

Accepted Answer

Normal glucose levels in the bloodstream

Answer

Excessive glycogen accumulation within tissues

Answer

Deficiencies in enzymes involved in glycogen synthesis or metabolism

Answer

Muscle weakness

Question 16

Which technique is used to measure glucose levels in blood?

Accepted Answer

Spectrophotometry

Answer

Gas chromatography

Answer

X-ray crystallography

Answer

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Question 17

Which hormone triggers the liver to convert glycogen into glucose?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Adrenaline

Answer

Cortisol

Question 18

During the citric acid cycle, which molecule directly provides energy for ATP production through substrate-level phosphorylation?

Accepted Answer

Isocitrate

Answer

Acetyl-CoA

Answer

Oxaloacetate

Question 19

Under which hormonal conditions is gluconeogenesis most likely to be stimulated?

Accepted Answer

Elevated glucagon and cortisol levels

Answer

Elevated epinephrine and insulin levels

Answer

Elevated insulin and cortisol levels

Answer

Elevated epinephrine and cortisol levels

Question 20

The pentose phosphate pathway is crucial in carbohydrate metabolism. What best describes its diverse roles?

Accepted Answer

It plays multiple roles, including nucleotide synthesis, NADPH generation, and pentose sugar production.

Answer

It exclusively produces ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis.

Answer

It solely generates NADPH, a reducing agent vital for various cellular processes.

Answer

It's the primary pathway for glucose breakdown when glycolysis is insufficient.

Question 21

Which of the following best describes the role of pyruvate carboxylase in replenishing citric acid cycle intermediates through cataplerotic reactions?

Accepted Answer

Pyruvate carboxylase adds CO2 to pyruvate, forming oxaloacetate, which can replenish depleted citric acid cycle intermediates.

Answer

Pyruvate carboxylase converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, providing a substrate for the citric acid cycle.

Answer

Pyruvate carboxylase inhibits the citric acid cycle by reducing the availability of oxaloacetate.

Answer

Pyruvate carboxylase is only active under conditions of low energy demand.

Question 22

Which of the following is the first step in glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

Addition of a phosphate group to glucose

Answer

Conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate

Answer

Removal of two hydrogen atoms from glucose-6-phosphate

Answer

Conversion of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to two molecules of pyruvate

Question 23

Which of the following enzymes irreversibly converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?

Accepted Answer

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

Answer

Alcohol dehydrogenase

Answer

Citrate synthase

Answer

Lactate dehydrogenase

Question 24

Which hormone primarily stimulates gluconeogenesis?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon

Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Somatostatin

Question 25

What is the primary function of glycogen in the body?

Accepted Answer

Storing glucose for later energy use

Answer

Providing structural support for cells

Answer

Regulating hormone production

Question 26

Which enzyme converts fructose-6-phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate during glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

Phosphoglucose isomerase

Answer

Aldolase

Answer

Phosphofructokinase-1

Answer

Hexokinase

Question 27

What is the ultimate electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen

Answer

FADH2

Answer

NADH

Answer

Coenzyme Q

Question 28

Which condition is characterized by an inability to metabolize fructose?

Accepted Answer

Hereditary fructose intolerance

Answer

Lactose intolerance

Answer

Galactosemia

Answer

Diabetes mellitus

Question 29

Which of the following is the initial step of glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

Phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate

Answer

Conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

Answer

Oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

Question 30

Within which organelle does the citric acid cycle take place?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria

Answer

Cytoplasm

Answer

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer

Lysosomes

Question 31

Define gluconeogenesis:

Accepted Answer

The synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors

Answer

The conversion of glucose into glycogen

Answer

The release of energy from glucose

Answer

The breakdown of glucose into smaller molecules

Question 32

Which hormone is responsible for triggering the breakdown of glycogen into glucose?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon

Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

Cortisol

Answer

Insulin

Question 33

Identify the location of the electron transport chain within the cell:

Accepted Answer

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Answer

Cytoplasmic membrane

Answer

Nuclear membrane

Answer

Outer mitochondrial membrane

Question 34

Which statement accurately describes the primary function of carbohydrates in metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrates serve as a primary source of energy and energy storage.

Answer

Carbohydrates are dispensable for human nutritional needs.

Answer

Carbohydrates are exclusively derived from plant sources.

Question 35

Which type of carbohydrate is classified as a monosaccharide?

Accepted Answer

Glucose

Answer

Glycogen

Answer

Cellulose

Answer

Starch

Question 36

Identify the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate:

Accepted Answer

Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase

Answer

Phosphoglucomutase

Answer

Hexokinase

Answer

Pyruvate kinase

Question 37

Describe the significance of the Cori cycle:

Accepted Answer

The transport of lactate from muscle tissue to the liver for gluconeogenesis

Answer

The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA in the mitochondria

Answer

The breakdown of glycogen in the liver

Question 38

Which enzyme is **NOT** directly involved in the metabolic pathway of glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

Citrate synthase

Answer

Pyruvate kinase

Answer

Hexokinase

Answer

Phosphofructokinase-1

Question 39

What is the primary product of glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

Pyruvate

Answer

ATP

Answer

Glucose-6-phosphate

Answer

Acetyl-CoA

Question 40

When oxygen is limited, pyruvate is converted into:

Accepted Answer

Lactate

Answer

Acetyl-CoA

Answer

Carbon dioxide

Answer

Glucose

Question 41

What is the process of gluconeogenesis?

Accepted Answer

Creating glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

Answer

Breaking down glucose to pyruvate

Answer

Storing glucose as glycogen

Question 42

Which of these is **NOT** a substrate used in gluconeogenesis?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen

Answer

Lactate

Answer

Amino acids

Answer

Glycerol

Question 43

Where does the citric acid cycle take place within the cell?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrial matrix

Answer

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer

Cytoplasm

Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 44

What is the estimated number of ATP molecules produced per glucose molecule during the complete oxidation of glucose (including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation)?

Accepted Answer

30-32

Answer

10

Answer

8

Answer

2

Question 45

A deficiency in the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase would likely result in:

Accepted Answer

An accumulation of pyruvate and lactate

Answer

Elevated blood sugar levels

Answer

Increased glucose uptake

Answer

Reduced gluconeogenesis

Question 46

Glycogen, the storage form of glucose, is primarily found in which tissues?

Accepted Answer

Liver and muscle

Answer

Blood

Answer

Brain

Answer

Adipose tissue

Question 47

Which hormone primarily stimulates the breakdown of glycogen and release of glucose from the liver?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon

Answer

Growth hormone

Answer

Cortisol

Answer

Insulin