Cancer Biology: Causes, Mechanisms, and Treatments

Question 1

Cell death occurs through various mechanisms. Which type of programmed cell death involves caspase activation and organized disassembly of the cell?

Accepted Answer

Apoptosis

Answer

Accidental cell death

Answer

Autophagy

Answer

Necrosis

Question 2

Tumor suppressor genes play a critical role in preventing uncontrolled cell growth. What is their primary function?

Accepted Answer

Suppressing cell growth and promoting differentiation

Answer

Stimulating cell proliferation and division

Answer

Repairing damaged DNA

Answer

Inducing apoptosis

Question 3

Cancer treatment has evolved with advancements in understanding the disease. Which of the following is a targeted cancer therapy approach?

Accepted Answer

Immunotherapy

Answer

Surgery

Answer

Radiation therapy

Answer

Conventional chemotherapy

Question 4

Cancer screening aims to detect cancer in its early stages, offering better treatment outcomes. What is the primary goal of cancer screening?

Accepted Answer

Early detection and diagnosis

Answer

Curing cancer

Answer

Preventing cancer

Answer

Alleviating cancer symptoms

Question 5

The immune system has a complex relationship with cancer. How does the immune system interact with cancer development and progression?

Accepted Answer

Both suppressing and promoting cancer growth

Answer

Suppressing cancer growth only

Answer

Promoting cancer growth only

Answer

Having no role in cancer

Question 6

Which type of oncogene is NOT involved in cancer development?

Accepted Answer

Tumor suppressor genes

Answer

Viral oncogenes

Answer

Cellular oncogenes

Answer

Translocation oncogenes

Question 7

The process by which cancer cells spread to distant sites is known as:

Accepted Answer

Metastasis

Answer

Angiogenesis

Answer

Apoptosis

Answer

Necrosis

Question 8

The primary treatment modality for localized cancer is:

Accepted Answer

Surgery

Answer

Chemotherapy

Answer

Radiotherapy

Answer

Immunotherapy

Question 9

Which type of cancer is the most prevalent globally?

Accepted Answer

Lung cancer

Answer

Breast cancer

Answer

Colorectal cancer

Answer

Prostate cancer

Question 10

What is the primary function of oncogenes in the development of cancer?

Accepted Answer

Promoting cell growth and proliferation

Answer

Suppressing tumor formation

Answer

Regulating cell death

Answer

Repairing damaged DNA

Question 11

What is the primary mechanism of action for radiation therapy in cancer treatment?

Accepted Answer

Damaging DNA in cancer cells

Answer

Stimulating immune cells to attack cancer cells

Answer

Inhibiting cell division

Answer

Causing cancer cells to differentiate

Question 12

What is the primary role of the immune system in relation to cancer?

Accepted Answer

Recognizing and eliminating cancer cells

Answer

Promoting tumor growth

Answer

Having no involvement in cancer

Answer

Causing inflammation that can lead to cancer

Question 13

What is the primary aim of palliative care in cancer management?

Accepted Answer

Relieving symptoms and enhancing quality of life

Answer

Curing cancer

Answer

Prolonging life

Answer

Preventing cancer

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a hallmark of cancer cells as defined by Hanahan and Weinberg?

Accepted Answer

Limited replicative potential

Answer

Self-sufficiency in growth signals

Answer

Evasion of growth suppressors

Answer

Induction of angiogenesis

Question 15

Which type of mutation is commonly associated with the activation of oncogenes?

Accepted Answer

Point mutation

Answer

Frameshift mutation

Answer

Nonsense mutation

Answer

Silent mutation

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a common approach to cancer treatment?

Accepted Answer

Antibiotic therapy

Answer

Surgery

Answer

Radiation therapy

Answer

Chemotherapy

Question 17

The formation of new blood vessels within a tumor is termed:

Accepted Answer

Angiogenesis

Answer

Vasculogenesis

Answer

Arteriogenesis

Answer

Neovascularization

Question 18

The process by which cancer cells spread from their primary location to other parts of the body is known as:

Accepted Answer

Metastasis

Answer

Invasion

Answer

Progression

Answer

Recurrence

Question 19

Which of the following factors is NOT considered a risk factor for cancer?

Accepted Answer

Regular exercise

Answer

Smoking

Answer

Obesity

Answer

Exposure to ultraviolet radiation

Question 20

Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that primarily targets the:

Accepted Answer

Immune system

Answer

Nervous system

Answer

Endocrine system

Answer

Cardiovascular system

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT a defining characteristic of cancer cells?

Accepted Answer

Activation of the immune response

Answer

Sustained proliferative signaling

Answer

Evasion of growth suppressors

Answer

Induction of angiogenesis

Question 22

Which type of cell death involves a shrinking cell with nuclear fragmentation?

Accepted Answer

Apoptosis

Answer

Necrosis

Answer

Autophagy

Answer

Mitotic catastrophe

Question 23

Describe the primary function of tumor suppressor genes in cancer development.

Accepted Answer

They inhibit cell proliferation and promote cell death

Answer

They activate oncogenes and promote tumor growth

Answer

They repair damaged DNA and prevent mutations

Answer

They enhance angiogenesis and metastasis

Question 24

What is the main objective of targeted therapy in cancer treatment?

Accepted Answer

To selectively inhibit specific molecules or pathways involved in cancer growth

Answer

To destroy all cancer cells indiscriminately

Answer

To enhance the immune response against cancer

Answer

To prevent metastasis

Question 25

What type of mutation is most commonly associated with the development of oncogenes?

Accepted Answer

Point mutations

Answer

Frameshift mutations

Answer

Nonsense mutations

Answer

Splice-site mutations

Question 26

Which cell cycle checkpoint is primarily disrupted in cancer cells?

Accepted Answer

G1 checkpoint

Answer

S checkpoint

Answer

G2 checkpoint

Answer

M checkpoint

Question 27

What is the primary function of tumor suppressor genes?

Accepted Answer

Preventing uncontrolled cell division

Answer

Promoting cell proliferation

Answer

Inhibiting apoptosis

Answer

Stimulating angiogenesis

Question 28

Which of the following treatments is an example of a targeted cancer therapy?

Accepted Answer

Immunotherapy

Answer

Chemotherapy

Answer

Radiation therapy

Answer

Surgery

Question 29

What is the role of the p53 protein in controlling cell growth?

Accepted Answer

Activates cell cycle checkpoints

Answer

Promotes DNA repair

Answer

Inhibits apoptosis

Answer

Stimulates angiogenesis

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT a hallmark of cancer cells, as proposed by Hanahan and Weinberg?

Accepted Answer

Differentiation

Answer

Sustained proliferation

Answer

Evasion of growth suppressors

Answer

Angiogenesis

Question 31

Which type of mutation, characterized by a shift in the reading frame of a gene, is most commonly associated with the development of cancer?

Accepted Answer

Frameshift mutation

Answer

Missense mutation

Answer

Nonsense mutation

Answer

Silent mutation

Question 32

Which of the following types of cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell division in the blood-forming tissues, leading to the production of abnormal blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Leukemia

Answer

Lymphoma

Answer

Carcinoma

Answer

Sarcoma

Question 33

Which of the following is a common treatment for cancer that involves the use of chemical agents to destroy cancer cells?

Accepted Answer

Chemotherapy

Answer

Radiotherapy

Answer

Immunotherapy

Answer

Surgery

Question 34

What is the most effective way to reduce the risk of developing lung cancer?

Accepted Answer

Quitting smoking

Answer

Eating a balanced diet

Answer

Regular exercise

Answer

HPV vaccination

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT a key ethical consideration in the utilization of genomic sequencing for cancer treatment?

Accepted Answer

Considering cost-effectiveness

Answer

Respecting patient autonomy

Answer

Obtaining informed consent

Answer

Protecting data privacy and security

Question 36

Which of the following is a hallmark of cancer cells, as proposed by Hanahan and Weinberg, characterized by the ability of cancer cells to continuously divide and proliferate?

Accepted Answer

Sustained proliferative signaling

Answer

Increased cell differentiation

Answer

Decreased angiogenesis

Answer

Absence of cell adhesion molecules

Question 37

What is the name of the protein that plays a critical role as a tumor suppressor by controlling cell cycle progression and can be mutated in many types of cancer?

Accepted Answer

p53

Answer

BRCA1

Answer

Myc

Answer

EGFR

Question 38

Which type of mutation, characterized by a change in a single nucleotide base, is most commonly associated with the development of cancer?

Accepted Answer

Point mutation

Answer

Chromosomal inversion

Answer

Gene amplification

Question 39

Which of the following is a primary mechanism by which cancer cells evade the immune system and avoid detection and destruction by immune cells?

Accepted Answer

Downregulation of MHC class I molecules

Answer

Increased production of cytokines

Answer

Activation of cytotoxic T cells

Answer

Enhancement of natural killer cell activity

Question 40

Which of the following is a potential risk factor for developing cancer that is linked to lifestyle choices and can be modified to reduce cancer risk?

Accepted Answer

Smoking

Answer

High fruit and vegetable intake

Answer

Regular exercise

Answer

Breastfeeding

Question 41

Which of the following is a type of targeted cancer therapy?

Accepted Answer

Tyrosine kinase inhibitor

Answer

Radiotherapy

Answer

Chemotherapy

Answer

Surgery

Question 42

What is the term for the abnormal growth and multiplication of blood cells in the bone marrow?

Accepted Answer

Leukemia

Answer

Carcinoma

Answer

Lymphoma

Answer

Sarcoma

Question 43

What is the name of the global organization responsible for coordinating cancer research and control?

Accepted Answer

World Health Organization (WHO)

Answer

National Cancer Institute (NCI)

Answer

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Answer

American Cancer Society