Physiological Adaptations to Exercise: Master the Science of Exercise Physiology

Question 1

The primary hormone responsible for stimulating the breakdown of fat during exercise is:

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

Glucagon

Answer

Cortisol

Answer

Insulin

Question 2

Which of the following enzymes plays a key role in the breakdown of glycogen during exercise?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen phosphorylase

Answer

Glycogen synthase

Answer

Lactic acid dehydrogenase

Answer

Creatine kinase

Question 3

The process by which the body increases its oxygen-carrying capacity through the production of additional red blood cells is known as:

Accepted Answer

Erythropoiesis

Answer

Hematopoiesis

Answer

Myogenesis

Answer

Neovascularization

Question 4

The training principle that involves gradually increasing the intensity or duration of exercise over time is known as:

Accepted Answer

Progressive overload

Answer

Specificity

Answer

Reversibility

Answer

Individuality

Question 5

The primary source of energy for high-intensity exercise lasting less than 10 seconds is:

Accepted Answer

Creatine phosphate

Answer

Glycogen

Answer

Fat

Answer

Carbohydrates

Question 6

Which of the following hormones is released in response to resistance training and stimulates muscle protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Testosterone

Answer

Estrogen

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Cortisol

Question 7

What is the primary energy source for short-duration, high-intensity exercise?

Accepted Answer

Creatine phosphate

Answer

Glycogen

Answer

Fat

Answer

Glucose

Question 8

Which of the following factors does NOT affect oxygen consumption during exercise?

Accepted Answer

Age

Answer

Exercise intensity

Answer

Muscle mass

Answer

Ambient temperature

Question 9

What is the main mechanism by which blood flow is directed to active muscles during exercise?

Accepted Answer

Vasodilation

Answer

Vasoconstriction

Answer

Increased cardiac output

Answer

Reduced systemic vascular resistance

Question 10

Which of the following is a potential sign of overtraining?

Accepted Answer

Chronic fatigue

Answer

Improved sleep quality

Answer

Increased appetite

Answer

Reduced resting heart rate

Question 11

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system generally decreases heart rate and blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer

Enteric nervous system

Answer

Somatic nervous system

Question 12

Which of the following is not a positive cardiovascular adaptation to chronic endurance exercise?

Accepted Answer

Increased arterial stiffness

Answer

Increased stroke volume

Answer

Reduced resting heart rate

Answer

Increased capillary density

Question 13

The primary mechanism for increasing oxygen delivery to working muscles during exercise is:

Accepted Answer

Increased cardiac output

Answer

Increased hemoglobin concentration

Answer

Increased muscle capillary density

Answer

Increased pulmonary ventilation

Question 14

Which of the following muscular adaptations is NOT directly associated with increased strength?

Accepted Answer

Increased tendon stiffness

Answer

Increased muscle fiber size

Answer

Increased neural drive

Answer

Increased protein synthesis

Question 15

The primary energy source for maximal intensity exercise lasting less than 10 seconds is:

Accepted Answer

Phosphocreatine

Answer

Glycogen

Answer

Fat

Answer

Protein

Question 16

The primary hormonal response to acute exercise is the release of:

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Glucagon

Answer

Growth hormone

Question 17

Which of the following is a characteristic of a Type IIa skeletal muscle fiber?

Accepted Answer

Type IIa: Fast-twitch, Oxidative-Glycolytic

Answer

Type IIx: Fast-twitch, Glycolytic

Answer

Slow-twitch, Endurance-oriented

Answer

High oxidative capacity

Question 18

The principle of specificity states that:

Accepted Answer

Training adaptations are specific to the type of exercise performed

Answer

Training intensity must be gradually increased over time

Answer

Training should be progressive to induce adaptations

Answer

Training should be tailored to individual needs

Question 19

During exercise, which physiological mechanism is primarily responsible for increasing oxygen delivery to active muscles?

Accepted Answer

Increased cardiac output

Answer

Increased hemoglobin concentration

Answer

Increased mitochondrial density

Question 20

Fast-twitch muscle fibers are characterized by:

Accepted Answer

High glycolytic capacity

Answer

High oxidative capacity

Answer

Slow contraction speed

Question 21

What is the body's primary fuel source for intense exercise lasting less than 10 seconds?

Accepted Answer

Phosphocreatine

Answer

Glycogen

Answer

Fat

Question 22

Which of the following is a health benefit of regular aerobic exercise?

Accepted Answer

Improved insulin sensitivity

Answer

Reduced bone density

Answer

Increased risk of cardiovascular disease

Question 23

The primary function of the respiratory system during exercise is:

Accepted Answer

Gas exchange

Answer

Nutrient absorption

Answer

Heat regulation

Question 24

Which factor has the most significant influence on the extent of muscular hypertrophy?

Accepted Answer

Training intensity

Answer

Ambient temperature

Answer

Rest intervals

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of overtraining?

Accepted Answer

Improved performance

Answer

Increased risk of injury

Answer

Reduced immune function