Data Analysis for Sport: Master Descriptive and Inferential Statistics

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a measure of central tendency?

Accepted Answer

Standard deviation

Answer

Mean

Answer

Mode

Answer

Median

Question 2

In hypothesis testing, what is a p-value and how does it contribute to the decision-making process?

Accepted Answer

The p-value represents the probability of obtaining a test statistic as extreme or more extreme than the one observed, assuming the null hypothesis is true.

Answer

The p-value indicates the likelihood that the alternative hypothesis is true.

Answer

The p-value is the difference between the observed and expected test statistics.

Answer

A p-value is always less than 0.05.

Question 3

Which of these is NOT a descriptive statistic?

Accepted Answer

Hypothesis testing

Answer

Mean

Answer

Standard deviation

Answer

Correlation coefficient

Question 4

The level of statistical significance in hypothesis testing is commonly set at:

Accepted Answer

0.05

Answer

0.01

Answer

0.10

Answer

0.15

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using qualitative data analysis?

Accepted Answer

Can be used to generalize findings to a wider population

Answer

Provides in-depth understanding of participants' experiences

Answer

Allows for the exploration of complex phenomena

Answer

Can be used to generate new theories

Question 6

A correlation coefficient indicates the:

Accepted Answer

Strength and direction of a relationship between two variables

Answer

Statistical significance of a relationship

Answer

Magnitude of the difference between two variables

Answer

Probability of obtaining a specific result

Question 7

Which central measure of tendency is the average of all values in a dataset?

Accepted Answer

Mean

Answer

Median

Answer

Mode

Answer

Range

Question 8

In hypothesis testing, what does the null hypothesis typically state?

Accepted Answer

There is no significant difference between the groups.

Answer

There is a significant difference between the groups.

Answer

One group is superior to the other.

Answer

Two variables are positively correlated.

Question 9

Which method of sampling is not based on probability?

Accepted Answer

Convenience sampling

Answer

Simple random sampling

Answer

Stratified sampling

Answer

Cluster sampling

Question 10

What is the statistical term for the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis if it is, in fact, true?

Accepted Answer

Probability of rejecting the null hypothesis if it is true.

Answer

Probability of accepting the null hypothesis if it is false.

Answer

Level of statistical significance.

Answer

Effect size of the difference between groups.

Question 11

Which measure effectively captures the spread or dispersion of data?

Accepted Answer

Variance

Answer

Mean

Answer

Median

Answer

Z-score

Question 12

Which measure of central tendency describes the most frequently occurring value in a dataset?

Accepted Answer

Mode

Answer

Mean

Answer

Median

Answer

Range

Question 13

Which statistical test is used to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of two independent groups?

Accepted Answer

Two-sample t-test

Answer

One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)

Answer

Chi-square test of independence

Answer

Correlation analysis

Question 14

In hypothesis testing, what is the statement that assumes there is no significant difference between the groups being studied?

Accepted Answer

Null hypothesis

Answer

Alternative hypothesis

Answer

Research hypothesis

Answer

Statistical hypothesis

Question 15

What is the key difference between a parameter and a statistic?

Accepted Answer

A parameter is a characteristic of the population, while a statistic is a characteristic of the sample

Answer

A statistic is a characteristic of the population, while a parameter is a characteristic of the sample

Answer

They are both characteristics of the population

Answer

They are both characteristics of the sample

Question 16

Which assumption of ANOVA ensures that the groups being compared have similar variability?

Accepted Answer

Equal variances between groups

Answer

Independence of observations

Answer

Normality of data

Answer

Linear relationship between variables

Question 17

What does the coefficient of determination represent in regression analysis?

Accepted Answer

The proportion of variance in the dependent variable that is explained by the independent variable

Answer

The strength of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables

Answer

The slope of the regression line

Answer

The y-intercept of the regression line

Question 18

Which type of bias occurs when participants are not randomly assigned to groups?

Accepted Answer

Selection bias

Answer

Confounding bias

Answer

Measurement bias

Answer

Response bias

Question 19

What factors determine the most appropriate statistical test for a research study?

Accepted Answer

The choice of statistical test should be based on the research question, data type, and level of measurement of the data.

Answer

The choice of statistical test has no impact on the validity of the research findings.

Answer

The choice of statistical test should be based solely on the data type.

Answer

The choice of statistical test is a matter of personal preference.

Question 20

Which of the following is a measure that summarizes the typical value of a dataset?

Accepted Answer

Mean

Answer

Variance

Answer

Standard deviation

Answer

Range

Question 21

In statistical testing, the null hypothesis typically assumes that:

Accepted Answer

There is no significant difference between groups

Answer

The sample is a perfect representation of the population

Answer

There is a significant difference between groups

Answer

The data is perfectly normally distributed

Question 22

Which of the following statistical tests is considered non-parametric?

Accepted Answer

Mann-Whitney U test

Answer

t-test

Answer

ANOVA

Question 23

A scatterplot exhibits a negative correlation when the data points form a trendline that:

Accepted Answer

Slopes downward

Answer

Slopes upward

Answer

Is horizontal

Question 24

Which of the following advantages is offered by utilizing technology in data analysis?

Accepted Answer

Increased efficiency and accuracy

Answer

Exclusive ability to handle complex datasets

Answer

Sole capability to manipulate data

Question 25

In hypothesis testing, the p-value represents the probability of:

Accepted Answer

Observing the results assuming the null hypothesis is true

Answer

The data being perfectly normally distributed

Answer

The sample being truly representative of the population

Answer

Observing the results assuming the alternative hypothesis is true

Question 26

A researcher intends to investigate the relationship between training intensity and athlete performance. Which statistical test is most appropriate for this purpose?

Accepted Answer

Pearson's correlation coefficient

Answer

ANOVA

Answer

Mann-Whitney U test

Answer

t-test

Question 27

When a research study concludes with a statistically significant difference between two groups, it implies:

Accepted Answer

The likelihood of the difference arising by chance is low

Answer

The results can be generalized to the entire population

Answer

The difference is large and practically meaningful

Question 28

Which of the following is a potential limitation of data analysis?

Accepted Answer

Data quality and accuracy may vary

Answer

Data can be analyzed in multiple ways

Answer

Data analysis always provides valuable insights

Answer

Technology can make data analysis effortless