Non-Mendelian Genetics: Delve into the Complexities of Inheritance

Question 1

In codominance, both alleles of a gene are:

Accepted Answer

Fully expressed

Answer

Partially expressed

Answer

Dominant over each other

Answer

Incomplete

Question 2

Which of the following is an example of a trait controlled by multiple alleles?

Accepted Answer

Blood groups

Answer

Eye colour

Answer

Hair colour

Answer

Height

Question 3

In sex-linked inheritance, the parent who determines the sex of their offspring is the:

Accepted Answer

Father

Answer

Mother

Answer

Both parents

Answer

It is random

Question 4

Which of the following is a characteristic of X-linked recessive traits?

Accepted Answer

More common in males

Answer

More common in females

Answer

Equally common in both sexes

Answer

Not sex-linked

Question 5

In incomplete dominance, the phenotype of a heterozygous individual is:

Accepted Answer

Intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes

Answer

A blend of the two homozygous phenotypes

Answer

Identical to one of the homozygous phenotypes

Answer

Shows both homozygous phenotypes simultaneously

Question 6

Multiple alleles for a gene:

Accepted Answer

Can exist on either the same or different chromosomes

Answer

Are always found on different chromosomes

Answer

Are always found on the same chromosome

Answer

Always result in codominant phenotypes

Question 7

The gene for red-green color vision in humans is located on the:

Accepted Answer

X chromosome

Answer

Y chromosome

Answer

Autosome 1

Answer

Autosome 22

Question 8

Which of the following is **not** a characteristic of non-Mendelian inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Independent assortment of alleles

Answer

Deviations from Mendelian ratios

Answer

More than two alleles for a gene

Answer

Incomplete dominance

Question 9

Codominance is characterized by the:

Accepted Answer

Expression of both dominant and recessive alleles in the heterozygote

Answer

Expression of only the dominant allele in the heterozygote

Answer

Absence of any allele expression in the heterozygote

Answer

Incomplete expression of both alleles in the heterozygote

Question 10

Which of the following genotypes would result in a carrier female for a sex-linked recessive trait?

Accepted Answer

Xx

Answer

XX

Answer

XY

Answer

Yy

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a recognized non-Mendelian inheritance pattern?

Accepted Answer

Polygenic inheritance

Answer

Incomplete dominance

Answer

Sex-linked inheritance

Question 12

In snapdragons, incomplete dominance results in red, white, or pink flowers. Which genotype represents a pink-flowered snapdragon?

Accepted Answer

RW

Answer

RR

Answer

WW

Question 13

Codominance is characterized by:

Accepted Answer

Expression of both alleles in the heterozygous genotype

Answer

Suppression of one allele by the other in the heterozygous genotype

Answer

Incomplete expression of both alleles in the heterozygous genotype

Answer

Enhanced expression of one allele over the other in the heterozygous genotype

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of multiple alleles?

Accepted Answer

Blood type in humans

Answer

Eye color in humans

Answer

Height in humans

Answer

Skin color in humans

Question 15

In sex-linked inheritance, the gene responsible for the trait is located on:

Accepted Answer

The X chromosome

Answer

An autosome

Answer

The Y chromosome

Answer

Either the X or Y chromosome

Question 16

Which of the following is a characteristic of incomplete dominance?

Accepted Answer

Expression of an intermediate phenotype between the two homozygous phenotypes

Answer

Complete dominance of one allele over the other

Answer

Heterozygous phenotype appearing identical to one of the homozygous phenotypes

Answer

Influence of multiple alleles on a specific trait

Question 17

In codominance, which of the following occurs?

Accepted Answer

Complete expression of both alleles in the heterozygote

Answer

Dominance of one allele over the other in the heterozygote

Answer

Blending of alleles to create an intermediate phenotype

Answer

Existence of multiple alleles for a specific gene

Question 18

Which of the following best exemplifies multiple alleles?

Accepted Answer

Blood groups

Answer

Eye color

Answer

Height

Answer

Gender

Question 19

In sex-linked inheritance, the X chromosome is:

Accepted Answer

Found in both males and females, carrying different alleles

Answer

Present exclusively in males

Answer

Present exclusively in females

Answer

Not involved in genetic inheritance

Question 20

In the standard human karyotype, which chromosome pair determines an individual's sex?

Accepted Answer

Chromosomes X and Y

Answer

Chromosomes 1 and 2

Answer

Chromosomes 21 and 22

Answer

Chromosomes X and 2

Question 21

Which of the following MOST accurately describes incomplete dominance?

Accepted Answer

Both alleles contribute to the phenotype, resulting in an intermediate or blended trait.

Answer

One allele is completely dominant over the other, resulting in a single phenotype.

Answer

Only the dominant allele is expressed in the phenotype.

Answer

The recessive allele is always masked by the dominant allele.

Question 22

Codominance is best illustrated by which of the following scenarios?

Accepted Answer

A heterozygous individual for blood type has Type AB blood.

Answer

A heterozygous individual for eye color has one blue eye and one brown eye.

Answer

A heterozygous individual for height has an intermediate height between both parents.

Answer

A homozygous individual for hair color has dark brown hair.

Question 23

Which of the following characteristics is unique to multiple alleles?

Accepted Answer

More than two alternative forms of a gene exist within a population.

Answer

The dominant allele always determines the phenotype.

Answer

Heterozygous individuals always display an intermediate phenotype.

Answer

Codominant alleles are always expressed equally.

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT a trait influenced by sex-linked inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Down syndrome

Answer

Hemophilia

Answer

Red-green color blindness

Answer

Sickle cell anemia

Question 25

In the case of incomplete dominance, which genotype would result in a heterozygous individual with an incompletely dominant phenotype?

Accepted Answer

Aa

Answer

AA

Answer

aa

Answer

BB

Question 26

Which genotype would result in a homozygous recessive phenotype in a codominant inheritance pattern?

Accepted Answer

bb

Answer

AA

Answer

Aa

Answer

AB

Question 27

Which inheritance pattern is most likely to contribute to the greatest genetic variation within a population?

Accepted Answer

Multiple alleles

Answer

Complete dominance

Answer

Incomplete dominance

Answer

Codominance

Question 28

How do the principles of non-Mendelian genetics help us understand the inheritance of complex traits in humans?

Accepted Answer

They reveal the impact of multiple alleles and their interactions, leading to diverse phenotypic outcomes.

Answer

They highlight the exclusive role of environmental factors in shaping inherited traits.

Answer

They assume that all human traits follow simple Mendelian inheritance patterns.

Answer

They ignore the importance of sex-linked inheritance in understanding trait variation.

Question 29

In incomplete dominance, the heterozygous genotype exhibits a phenotype that is:

Accepted Answer

Intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes

Answer

Completely different from both homozygous phenotypes

Answer

Identical to one of the homozygous phenotypes

Answer

A blend of the two homozygous phenotypes

Question 30

Which of the following is an example of codominance?

Accepted Answer

ABO blood group system

Answer

Huntington's disease

Answer

Sickle cell anemia

Answer

Cystic fibrosis

Question 31

Multiple alleles are found at a single gene locus and result in:

Accepted Answer

More than two possible phenotypes

Answer

Only two possible phenotypes

Answer

Incomplete dominance in all cases

Answer

Continuous variation in phenotypes

Question 32

In codominant inheritance, the heterozygous genotype exhibits a phenotype that:

Accepted Answer

Expresses both alleles equally

Answer

Is identical to one of the homozygous phenotypes

Answer

Is a blend of the two homozygous phenotypes

Answer

Shows incomplete dominance

Question 33

In incomplete dominance, the heterozygous genotype exhibits a phenotype that is:

Accepted Answer

Intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes

Answer

Identical to one of the homozygous phenotypes

Answer

Completely different from both homozygous phenotypes

Answer

A blend of the two homozygous phenotypes

Question 34

In codominance, which of the following is observed in the phenotype of heterozygous individuals?

Accepted Answer

Both alleles are fully expressed.

Answer

The phenotype is a blend of both alleles.

Answer

One allele is completely dominant over the other.

Question 35

Multiple alleles occur when:

Accepted Answer

More than two alternative forms of a gene exist at a specific locus.

Answer

One allele is dominant, while all others are recessive.

Answer

Two or more genes interact to determine a single trait.

Question 36

Sex-linked inheritance refers to the inheritance of traits determined by genes located on:

Accepted Answer

Sex chromosomes (X and Y)

Answer

Mitochondrial DNA

Answer

Autosomal chromosomes

Answer

Short tandem repeats

Question 37

Incomplete dominance is characterized by:

Accepted Answer

A blended phenotype in heterozygous individuals.

Answer

Always being observed in heterozygous genotypes.

Answer

Complete dominance of one allele over another.

Question 38

In codominance, the genotype of a heterozygous individual results in a phenotype that:

Accepted Answer

Shows both dominant traits expressed separately.

Answer

Always results in a recessive phenotype.

Answer

Shows one dominant trait completely suppressing the other.

Answer

Shows a blended phenotype.

Question 39

Which of the following is an example of a trait influenced by multiple alleles?

Accepted Answer

Blood types (A, B, AB, O)

Answer

Height (tall, short)

Answer

Eye color (brown, blue, green)

Answer

Hair texture (straight, curly, wavy)

Question 40

Sex-linked inheritance occurs because:

Accepted Answer

Genes responsible for the trait are located on the sex chromosomes (X and Y).

Answer

The trait is only expressed in one sex.

Answer

The trait is more common in one sex.

Question 41

One consequence of sex-linked inheritance is that:

Accepted Answer

Males are more commonly affected by sex-linked recessive disorders.

Answer

Females are always carriers of sex-linked recessive disorders.

Answer

Sex-linked traits are always dominant.

Question 42

Which of the following is an example of a trait influenced by multiple alleles?

Accepted Answer

Blood groups

Answer

Eye color

Answer

Hair color

Answer

Height

Question 43

In sex-linked inheritance, the gene responsible for the trait is:

Accepted Answer

Located on a sex chromosome

Answer

Located on an autosome

Answer

Inherited only from the father

Answer

Inherited only from the mother

Question 44

If a man with type A blood marries a woman with type B blood, what blood types could their children have?

Accepted Answer

A, B, AB, O

Answer

A, B

Answer

A, AB

Answer

AB, O

Question 45

Epistasis refers to:

Accepted Answer

Interaction between genes at different loci

Answer

Incomplete expression of a gene

Answer

Interaction between alleles at the same locus

Answer

Multiple alleles at a single locus

Question 46

In incomplete dominance, the characteristic of the heterozygous phenotype is that it is:

Accepted Answer

Intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes

Answer

A blend of the two homozygous phenotypes

Answer

Identical to one of the homozygous phenotypes

Answer

Completely different from both homozygous phenotypes

Question 47

Codominance is best described by:

Accepted Answer

Both alleles being fully expressed in the heterozygote

Answer

The heterozygote having an intermediate phenotype

Answer

One allele being dominant over the other in the heterozygote

Question 48

Sex-linked inheritance involves traits that are:

Accepted Answer

Carried on the X or Y chromosome

Answer

Inherited only from the mother

Answer

Inherited only from the father

Answer

Carried on autosomes

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT a deviation from Mendelian inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Complete dominance

Answer

Codominance

Answer

Incomplete dominance

Answer

Multiple alleles

Question 50

A cross between a true-breeding red-flowered plant and a true-breeding white-flowered plant produces all pink-flowered offspring. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Incomplete dominance

Answer

Multiple alleles

Answer

Codominance

Answer

Sex-linked inheritance