Crime and Deviance: Explore the Nature and Causes of Criminal Behavior

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of labelling, according to labelling theory?

Accepted Answer

Accurate and fair representation of individuals

Answer

Increased likelihood of engaging in deviant behavior

Answer

Creation of a self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer

Reinforcement of social inequality

Question 2

Which of the following is not considered a type of crime?

Accepted Answer

Deviance

Answer

Street crime

Answer

White-collar crime

Answer

Corporate crime

Question 3

Which social factors are most likely to lead to criminal behavior, according to strain theory?

Accepted Answer

Low levels of social support and economic opportunities

Answer

High levels of social support and economic opportunities

Answer

High levels of parental supervision and guidance

Answer

Low levels of peer pressure and influence

Question 4

In labelling theory, which factor is considered crucial in shaping an individual's involvement in criminal behaviour?

Accepted Answer

Social background and experiences

Answer

Genetic makeup

Answer

Severity of the crime

Answer

Personal intentions and motivations

Question 5

Which sociological theory of crime focuses on the impact of social interactions and observing others in shaping criminal behavior?

Accepted Answer

Social learning theory

Answer

Strain theory

Answer

Control theory

Answer

Labelling theory

Question 6

Which theory of crime highlights the role of social factors such as poverty, inequality, and discrimination in shaping criminal behavior?

Accepted Answer

Strain theory

Answer

Biological theories

Answer

Social learning theory

Answer

Control theory

Question 7

Which of the following actions is **not** considered a crime in the context of criminology and sociology?

Accepted Answer

Gossiping

Answer

Speeding

Answer

Robbery

Question 8

Which of the following is **not** a sociological theory of crime?

Accepted Answer

Genetic theory

Answer

Strain theory

Answer

Social learning theory

Answer

Control theory

Question 9

According to labelling theory, which of the following is a key concept?

Accepted Answer

Society's labels influence individuals' behavior, leading to further criminal activity.

Answer

Economic inequality is the root cause of crime.

Answer

Biological factors, like genes, determine criminal behavior.

Answer

Criminal behavior is primarily learned through social interactions.

Question 10

Which of the following best illustrates a source of strain that can lead to crime, according to strain theory?

Accepted Answer

Limited access to education

Answer

Strong family relationships

Answer

Cultural values that prioritize conformity

Question 11

Which of the following actions is an example of white-collar crime?

Accepted Answer

Embezzlement

Accepted Answer

Insider trading

Answer

Robbery

Answer

Vandalism

Question 12

In Merton's strain theory, which factor is identified as a significant contributor to deviant behavior?

Accepted Answer

Anomie

Answer

Conformity

Answer

Social control

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT considered a crime, but rather a form of deviant behavior?

Accepted Answer

Public intoxication

Answer

Shoplifting

Answer

Vandalism

Question 14

According to labelling theory, which of the following is a key principle?

Accepted Answer

Labels can strongly influence a person's self-perception and actions.

Answer

Individuals are inherently criminal.

Answer

Once labelled as criminals, individuals are less likely to engage in criminal behavior.

Question 15

Corporate crimes are illegal business practices committed by organizations or their representatives for personal or organizational gain. Which of the following is NOT an example of corporate crime?

Accepted Answer

Speeding

Answer

Insider trading

Answer

Embezzlement

Answer

Tax evasion

Question 16

Which of the following is a fundamental principle of restorative justice?

Accepted Answer

Prioritizing victim involvement and empowerment

Accepted Answer

Emphasizing community engagement and accountability

Answer

Seeking retribution and punishment as the main objective

Answer

Disregarding the impact of crime on victims and society

Question 17

Positivist theories of crime propose that crime is primarily caused by:

Accepted Answer

External factors, such as genetics, social conditions, or economic conditions

Answer

Internal factors, such as personality or mental illness

Answer

A combination of internal and external factors

Answer

Moral weakness or lack of self-control

Question 18

Which of the following theories of crime focuses on the role of social learning in criminal behavior?

Accepted Answer

Social learning theory

Answer

Strain theory

Answer

Control theory

Answer

Labelling theory

Question 19

According to strain theory, what is a key factor contributing to crime?

Accepted Answer

Inability to achieve goals through legitimate means

Answer

Social disorganization and norm breakdown

Answer

Learning through deviant interactions

Answer

Weak social bonds and lack of conventional attachment

Question 20

Conflict theory suggests that deviant behavior often stems from what primary source of conflict?

Accepted Answer

Inequalities in wealth and resources across different societal groups

Answer

Disagreements between ethnic or racial groups due to cultural differences

Answer

Conflicting political ideologies that prioritize individualism and self-interest

Answer

Religious beliefs and practices that emphasize social conformity

Question 21

Strain theory suggests that crime can result from a perceived gap between what people want and their ability to achieve it through legal means. What is this gap referred to as?

Accepted Answer

Strain

Answer

Social support gap

Answer

Normative breakdown

Answer

Employment opportunity gap

Question 22

How does social stratification, which involves the unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and power, contribute to differences in crime rates across social classes?

Accepted Answer

Social stratification leads to unequal access to resources and opportunities, which can influence crime rates.

Answer

Social stratification has no impact on crime rates.

Answer

Individuals from higher social classes are more likely to commit crimes due to their privileged status.

Answer

Crime rates are solely determined by individual characteristics and choices, regardless of social class.

Question 23

In labelling theory, what is a possible outcome of labelling someone as deviant?

Accepted Answer

Increased likelihood of engaging in deviant behavior

Answer

No change in behavior due to the label

Answer

Unaffected social interactions despite the label

Answer

Reduced likelihood of engaging in deviant behavior

Question 24

Which economic factor is a key contributor to criminal behavior, according to strain theory?

Accepted Answer

Unequal access to education and jobs

Answer

Generous social welfare benefits

Question 25

Which of the following is not classified as a white-collar crime?

Accepted Answer

Shoplifting

Answer

Embezzlement

Answer

Insider trading

Answer

Tax evasion

Question 26

In labelling theory, what is the primary factor that influences whether an individual is categorized as a criminal?

Accepted Answer

The labels assigned to them by society

Answer

Their socioeconomic status

Answer

Their inherited genetic traits

Answer

Their inherent personality characteristics

Question 27

Which sociological theory posits that individuals are more inclined towards criminal behavior due to a scarcity of opportunities and resources?

Accepted Answer

Strain theory

Answer

Biological theory

Answer

Psychological theory

Question 28

In symbolic interactionist theory, how do social interactions contribute to the formation of our understanding of deviance?

Accepted Answer

Social interactions play a crucial role in shaping individuals' perceptions of deviant behavior.

Answer

Social interactions reinforce pre-existing societal norms and values, leading to consistent definitions of deviance.

Answer

Symbolic interactionist theory focuses solely on individual psychological traits as the determinants of deviant behavior.

Question 29

According to the social learning theory of crime, which of the following is NOT a key assumption?

Accepted Answer

Criminals are born with a genetic predisposition to commit crime.

Answer

Individuals learn criminal behavior through observation and imitation.

Answer

Criminal behavior is reinforced by positive consequences.

Question 30

According to critical criminology, what is a primary cause of crime?

Accepted Answer

Social inequality and power structures

Answer

Biological predisposition

Answer

Individual moral failings

Answer

Increased policing and harsher punishments

Question 31

According to biological theories, which of the following is NOT believed to play a significant role in the development of criminal behavior?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive development

Answer

Genetic predisposition

Answer

Biochemical imbalances

Answer

Physical characteristics

Question 32

Restorative justice focuses on repairing harm and fostering dialogue between victims and offenders. Which principle is central to restorative justice?

Accepted Answer

Involving victims, offenders, and the community in the justice process

Answer

Prioritizing punishment over rehabilitation

Answer

Relying solely on legal procedures and adversarial proceedings

Answer

Ignoring the influence of social factors on criminal behavior

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT considered a key factor in shaping criminal behavior according to sociological theories?

Accepted Answer

Genetic predisposition

Answer

Social inequality

Answer

Social learning

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT a key factor contributing to strain in strain theory?

Accepted Answer

Genetics

Answer

Lack of economic opportunities

Answer

Cultural goals that are difficult to achieve

Answer

Lack of social support

Question 35

What is the primary focus of victimologists in their study of crime?

Accepted Answer

Effects of crime on victims

Answer

Causes of crime

Answer

Prevention of crime

Answer

Punishment of criminals

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT a type of positivist theory of crime?

Accepted Answer

Social conflict theory

Answer

Biological theories

Answer

Psychological theories

Question 37

How do evolving societal norms, values, and beliefs contribute to the emergence and transformation of deviance?

Accepted Answer

Social change can lead to both the emergence of new forms of deviance and the disappearance of existing ones.

Answer

Societal changes have no impact on the emergence of new forms of deviance.

Answer

The emergence of new forms of deviance is primarily influenced by biological and psychological factors.

Answer

Changes in societal beliefs have no significant impact on the definition of deviance.

Question 38

Which theory of crime proposes that crime occurs due to insufficient social control?

Accepted Answer

Control theory

Answer

Positivist theory

Answer

Social learning theory

Answer

Labelling theory

Question 39

In labelling theory, what is the primary factor in determining whether someone is considered 'deviant'?

Accepted Answer

Social labelling and categorization

Answer

Biological traits

Answer

Mental health conditions

Answer

The inherent nature of actions

Question 40

Analyze the media's dual role in shaping public perceptions of crime and deviance. Discuss how it both informs and sensationalizes these issues.

Accepted Answer

The media's role is complex, involving both informing and sensationalizing crime and deviance, which can influence public perceptions.

Answer

The media only provides accurate and unbiased information about crime and deviance.

Answer

The media exclusively sensationalizes crime and deviance, creating fear and reinforcing stereotypes.

Question 41

How does technology contribute to criminal activity? Discuss the specific ways in which technological advancements have led to new forms of crime and made existing ones worse.

Accepted Answer

Technological advancements have allowed criminals to commit new crimes, such as online scams and ransomware attacks, and have made existing crimes like drug trafficking and money laundering easier.

Answer

Technology only helps prevent crime and does not contribute to criminal activity.

Answer

Technology's impact on crime is limited to cybercrimes like hacking and identity theft.

Answer

Technology's role in crime is less important than social and economic factors.

Question 42

How has globalization influenced crime and deviance? Consider transnational crime, international cooperation, and national sovereignty.

Accepted Answer

Globalization has increased transnational crime by:

Accepted Answer

International cooperation is essential in fighting crime because:

Accepted Answer

Globalization has weakened national sovereignty in crime control due to:

Answer

Globalization has decreased crime rates worldwide because economic interdependence makes crime less profitable.

Question 43

What is the central ethical dilemma in the study of crime and deviance?

Accepted Answer

Balancing individual rights with societal safety

Answer

Prioritizing rehabilitation over punishment

Answer

Ensuring complete fairness in the justice system

Answer

Protecting victims' interests exclusively

Question 44

According to functionalist theory, a primary function of deviance in society is to:

Accepted Answer

Strengthen social cohesion

Answer

Reduce social inequality

Answer

Increase employment in the criminal justice system

Answer

Provide entertainment for society

Question 45

Which aspect is NOT a key tenet of the functionalist perspective on crime?

Accepted Answer

Crime is an innate aspect of human nature.

Answer

Crime is an inevitable consequence of social disorganization.

Answer

Crime is a product of social anomie.

Answer

Crime serves as a safety valve for releasing social tensions.

Question 46

According to labelling theory, which of the following is NOT a potential result of being labelled a criminal?

Accepted Answer

Initial deviance

Answer

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer

Secondary deviance

Answer

Social isolation

Question 47

Which key concept is central to the strain theory of crime?

Accepted Answer

Anomie

Answer

Differential association

Answer

Social disorganization

Answer

Cultural deviance

Question 48

Which option is NOT considered a type of white-collar crime?

Accepted Answer

Shoplifting

Answer

Corporate fraud

Answer

Tax evasion

Answer

Insider trading

Question 49

Which aspect is a key principle of the harm reduction approach to drug policy?

Accepted Answer

Providing access to sterile needles

Answer

Promoting abstinence as the primary goal

Answer

Imposing severe punishments on drug users

Answer

Legalizing all drugs

Question 50

Which is NOT a criticism of the medical model of mental illness?

Accepted Answer

It provides a clear definition of mental illness.

Answer

It labels normal behavior as pathological.

Answer

It can lead to over-reliance on medication.

Answer

It overlooks social factors that contribute to mental health issues.

Question 51

How does restorative justice differ from conventional criminal justice in its approach to crime?

Accepted Answer

Restorative justice prioritizes restoring balance and repairing harm, while conventional justice emphasizes punishment and retribution.

Accepted Answer

Restorative justice involves victims and communities in the process, unlike conventional justice.

Answer

Restorative justice focuses on rehabilitation, while conventional justice does not.

Question 52

Which theoretical perspective in the study of crime and deviance emphasizes the role of conflict and inequality?

Accepted Answer

Conflict Theory

Answer

Functionalism

Answer

Biological Positivism

Answer

Social Learning Theory

Question 53

According to functionalism, which of the following is a key function of crime in society?

Accepted Answer

Maintaining social order and reinforcing norms

Answer

Reducing social inequality

Answer

Protecting the rights of individuals

Answer

Preventing social conflict

Question 54

Differential Association Theory explains criminal behavior as primarily influenced by:

Accepted Answer

Social interactions and learning

Answer

Biological factors

Answer

Psychological disorders

Answer

Cultural values

Question 55

What is the key distinction between primary and secondary deviance?

Accepted Answer

Primary deviance is tolerated by society, while secondary deviance is punished

Answer

Primary deviance is considered normal, while secondary deviance is seen as deviant

Answer

Primary deviance is committed by individuals who identify as deviant, while secondary deviance is committed by those who do not

Answer

Primary deviance is a response to social pressure, while secondary deviance is a choice

Question 56

What is the primary objective of restorative justice?

Accepted Answer

To reconcile victims and offenders and repair harm

Answer

To punish offenders and deter future crime

Answer

To rehabilitate offenders and reintegrate them into society

Answer

To prevent future crime by addressing its root causes

Question 57

The term 'white-collar crime' refers to:

Accepted Answer

Crimes committed by individuals in high-status positions, typically involving financial gain

Answer

Crimes that are committed in the workplace

Answer

Crimes that are committed using technology

Answer

Crimes that are motivated by political or ideological beliefs

Question 58

Which sociological theory of crime causation emphasizes the role of social inequality and economic deprivation as drivers of criminal behavior?

Accepted Answer

Strain theory

Answer

Biological theories

Answer

Psychological theories

Answer

Social control theory

Question 59

According to labelling theory, which of the following plays a crucial role in shaping deviant identities?

Accepted Answer

Social reaction

Answer

Primary socialization

Answer

Secondary socialization

Answer

Economic inequality

Question 60

Which of the following is NOT a defining characteristic of anomie, as defined by Merton?

Accepted Answer

Crime is always a rational choice

Answer

Cultural goals are emphasized, while legitimate means to achieve them are limited or blocked

Answer

Individuals experience tension due to the gap between aspirations and reality

Answer

Social norms are weakened or non-existent

Question 61

Restorative justice prioritizes which of the following goals?

Accepted Answer

Reconciling victims and offenders

Answer

Punishing offenders with maximum severity

Answer

Incapacitating offenders to prevent further crimes

Answer

Deterrence of future offenses

Question 62

According to control theory, which factor is most influential in promoting conformity and reducing criminal behavior?

Accepted Answer

Strong social bonds

Answer

High socioeconomic status

Answer

Biological makeup

Answer

Psychological well-being

Question 63

A fundamental assumption of conflict theory in criminology is that:

Accepted Answer

Crime is a product of social inequality and power imbalances

Answer

Crime is an inherent part of society

Answer

Crime is primarily caused by individual pathology

Answer

Crime is largely influenced by biological factors

Question 64

How does the media's coverage of crime and deviance balance informing the public with potentially sensationalizing these issues?

Accepted Answer

The media's focus on crime and deviance can lead to exaggerated public perceptions.

Answer

The media always presents a balanced and accurate view of crime and deviance.

Answer

The media has no influence on public perceptions of crime and deviance.

Answer

Strict censorship is needed to control media coverage of crime and deviance.