Control of Breathing: Master Respiratory Regulation for Pharmacy Practice

Question 1

Where are the chemoreceptors that detect increased levels of PaCO2 primarily located?

Accepted Answer

Carotid bodies

Answer

Aortic bodies

Answer

Medulla oblongata

Answer

Spinal cord

Question 2

Which reflex primarily inhibits inspiration?

Accepted Answer

Hering-Breuer reflex

Answer

Baroreflex

Answer

Chemoreflex

Answer

Diving reflex

Question 3

What is the primary effect of hyperventilation on the pH of the blood?

Accepted Answer

Increased pH (alkalosis)

Answer

Decreased pH (acidosis)

Answer

No change in pH

Answer

pH first increases and then decreases

Question 4

Which condition is primarily characterized by abnormal periodic breathing patterns?

Accepted Answer

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

Answer

Asthma

Answer

COPD

Answer

Pneumonia

Question 5

What is the primary function of surfactant in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

To decrease surface tension

Answer

To increase surface tension

Answer

To provide lubrication

Answer

To stimulate mucus production

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a measure of lung capacity?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory rate

Answer

Tidal volume

Answer

Forced vital capacity

Answer

Residual volume

Question 7

What is the primary action of the diaphragm during respiration?

Accepted Answer

Contracts, enlarging the thoracic cavity

Answer

Relaxes, decreasing the thoracic cavity

Answer

Controls the flow of air into and out of the lungs

Answer

Regulates heart rate

Question 8

How does respiratory acidosis compensate for metabolic alkalosis?

Accepted Answer

Increases ventilation, lowering PaCO2 and raising H+ concentration, counteracting the alkalosis.

Answer

Decreases ventilation, elevating PaCO2 and reducing H+ concentration, worsening the alkalosis.

Answer

Has no effect on metabolic alkalosis, and they remain independent conditions.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a respiratory cause of hypoxemia?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac arrest

Answer

Alveolar hypoventilation

Answer

Diffusion impairment

Answer

Pulmonary embolism

Question 10

Which factor primarily drives the increase in alveolar ventilation during exercise?

Accepted Answer

Elevated partial pressure of carbon dioxide

Answer

Elevated partial pressure of oxygen

Answer

Increased pH level

Answer

Decreased hydrogen ion concentration

Question 11

The primary neurotransmitter released by the respiratory center that stimulates contraction of inspiratory muscles is:

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

GABA

Answer

Serotonin

Question 12

Which of the following is a potential consequence of hyperventilation?

Accepted Answer

Decreased arterial pH

Answer

Increased cerebral blood flow

Answer

Increased bicarbonate concentration

Answer

Reduced oxygen delivery to tissues

Question 13

The primary target of opioids for suppressing respiration is:

Accepted Answer

Respiratory center in the medulla oblongata

Answer

Carotid body

Answer

Pulmonary stretch receptors

Answer

Juxtapulmonary capillary receptors

Question 14

Which of the following is not considered a common breathing disorder?

Accepted Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Asthma

Answer

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Answer

Cystic fibrosis

Question 15

Which factor can trigger a hypoxic drive to breathe?

Accepted Answer

Reduced oxygen saturation

Answer

Increased arterial PCO2

Answer

Increased arterial pH

Answer

Increased cardiac output

Question 16

Which respiratory muscle is responsible for elevating the ribs?

Accepted Answer

External intercostal muscles

Answer

Internal intercostal muscles

Answer

Diaphragm

Answer

Transversus abdominis

Question 17

The surfactant layer in the lungs primarily serves to:

Accepted Answer

Reduce surface tension

Answer

Increase lung compliance

Answer

Enhance gas exchange

Answer

Protect against infection

Question 18

Elevated levels of which substance serve as the primary chemical stimulus for respiratory activation?

Accepted Answer

PaCO2 (carbon dioxide partial pressure)

Answer

Diminished pulmonary stretch

Answer

Increased PO2 (oxygen partial pressure)

Answer

Lowered hydrogen ion concentration (pH)

Question 19

Which of the following is the primary function of the Hering-Breuer reflex in the respiratory system?

Accepted Answer

Preventing overinflation of the lungs

Answer

Enhancing the volume of air moved per breath (tidal volume)

Answer

Improving the efficiency of gas exchange in the lungs

Answer

Diminishing the frequency of breathing (respiratory rate)

Question 20

The primary neurotransmitter responsible for stimulating diaphragm contraction at the neuromuscular junction is:

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Norepinephrine

Answer

Epinephrine

Question 21

Identify the key distinction between obstructive and restrictive lung diseases:

Accepted Answer

Obstructive diseases primarily hinder airflow, while restrictive diseases impair the ability of the lungs to expand.

Answer

Obstructive diseases diminish lung compliance, while restrictive diseases increase airway resistance.

Question 22

Which factor is a recognized risk factor for the development of respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants?

Accepted Answer

Deficiency of surfactant

Answer

Adequate fetal breathing movements

Answer

Increased lung compliance

Answer

Enlarged airway caliber

Question 23

What is the main function of pulmonary surfactant in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

Reducing surface tension at the air-liquid interface within the alveoli

Answer

Enhancing gas exchange between the lungs and blood

Answer

Promoting the movement of cilia

Question 24

Which of the following is a defining characteristic of asthma?

Accepted Answer

Bronchospasm and reversible narrowing of the airways

Answer

Diminished surfactant production

Answer

Irreversible obstruction of the airways

Answer

Increased lung compliance

Question 25

What is the most common cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

Accepted Answer

Smoking

Answer

Genetic predisposition

Answer

Occupational exposure

Answer

Air pollution