Gene Expression: Uncover the Secrets of Protein Synthesis

Question 1

What is the primary function of RNA polymerase in transcription?

Accepted Answer

To synthesize a complementary RNA strand

Answer

To unwind the DNA double helix

Answer

To remove introns from the pre-mRNA

Answer

To initiate translation

Question 2

What is the role of ribosomes in translation?

Accepted Answer

To bind to mRNA and facilitate the formation of a polypeptide chain

Answer

To unwind the DNA double helix

Answer

To splice introns out of pre-mRNA

Answer

To modify tRNA molecules

Question 3

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in transcription?

Accepted Answer

Initiation, elongation, termination

Answer

Elongation, initiation, termination

Answer

Termination, initiation, elongation

Answer

Initiation, termination, elongation

Question 4

What is the function of tRNA molecules in translation?

Accepted Answer

To carry amino acids to the ribosome

Answer

To bind to mRNA and guide the ribosome

Answer

To unwind the DNA double helix

Answer

To splice introns out of pre-mRNA

Question 5

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

DNA makes RNA makes protein

Answer

Protein makes RNA makes DNA

Answer

RNA makes DNA makes protein

Answer

Protein makes DNA makes RNA

Question 6

Which component is NOT part of the transcription initiation complex?

Accepted Answer

Terminator

Answer

RNA polymerase

Answer

Promoter

Answer

Transcription factors

Question 7

What is the primary role of RNA polymerase in transcription?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing a complementary RNA strand using DNA as a template

Answer

Binding to the ribosome and initiating protein synthesis

Answer

Modifying mRNA before translation

Answer

Terminating transcription by recognizing a stop codon

Question 8

Identify the correct sequence of events in transcription.

Accepted Answer

Promoter binding, elongation, termination

Answer

Termination, elongation, promoter binding

Answer

Elongation, promoter binding, termination

Answer

Termination, promoter binding, elongation

Question 9

Define the genetic code.

Accepted Answer

A set of rules governing the sequence of amino acids in a protein based on the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA

Answer

The specific sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA

Answer

The sequence of amino acids in a protein

Answer

The process by which mRNA is translated into a protein

Question 10

Which codon initiates protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

AUG

Answer

UAG

Answer

UAA

Answer

UGA

Question 11

Describe the primary function of ribosomes.

Accepted Answer

Catalyzing the formation of peptide bonds during protein synthesis

Answer

Synthesizing mRNA

Answer

Storing genetic information

Answer

Regulating gene expression

Question 12

Which enzyme is exclusively responsible for transcribing DNA into RNA?

Accepted Answer

RNA polymerase

Answer

Helicase

Answer

Ligase

Answer

Primase

Question 13

For the codon sequence 5'-AUG-3', identify the complementary anti-codon sequence on a tRNA molecule:

Accepted Answer

5'-UAC-3'

Answer

5'-TAC-3'

Answer

5'-AUG-3'

Answer

5'-CAT-3'

Question 14

What is the primary function of the poly-A tail in eukaryotic mRNA?

Accepted Answer

Increased mRNA stability and translation efficiency

Answer

Initiation of translation

Answer

Termination of transcription

Answer

Splicing of introns

Question 15

Which enzyme catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA?

Accepted Answer

RNA polymerase

Answer

DNA polymerase

Answer

Reverse transcriptase

Answer

Helicase

Question 16

What is the primary function of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Translating mRNA into proteins

Answer

Synthesizing mRNA

Answer

Initiating transcription

Answer

Processing tRNA

Question 17

What is the term for the sequence of bases in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid?

Accepted Answer

Codon

Answer

Anticodon

Answer

Promoter

Answer

Terminator

Question 18

Which process results in the synthesis of mRNA from a DNA template?

Accepted Answer

Transcription

Answer

Replication

Answer

Translation

Answer

Mutation

Question 19

Which type of RNA molecule is NOT involved in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

snRNA

Answer

mRNA

Answer

tRNA

Answer

rRNA

Question 20

What is the name of the DNA region where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription?

Accepted Answer

Promoter

Answer

Operator

Answer

Terminator

Answer

Exon

Question 21

What is the potential consequence of a mutation in a gene encoding a transcription factor?

Accepted Answer

Altered gene expression

Answer

Disrupted protein synthesis

Answer

Chromosomal instability

Answer

Cell cycle arrest

Question 22

Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix, allowing RNA polymerase to access the template strand during transcription?

Accepted Answer

Helicase

Answer

Topoisomerase

Answer

Primase

Answer

Telomerase

Question 23

What is the primary role of ribosomes in the process of protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

To decode the genetic information encoded in mRNA and assemble amino acids in the correct sequence.

Answer

To catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids.

Answer

To transport amino acids from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.

Answer

To proofread and correct errors in mRNA translation.

Question 24

What is the primary function of introns in eukaryotic genes?

Accepted Answer

To serve as non-coding regions that are removed from the mRNA before translation.

Answer

To contain regulatory sequences that control gene expression.

Answer

To increase the complexity of the genome.

Answer

To code for essential proteins.

Question 25

Which of the following processes is NOT a step involved in transcription?

Accepted Answer

Processing

Answer

Initiation

Answer

Elongation

Answer

Termination

Question 26

What is the primary role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

To transport specific amino acids to the ribosome, corresponding to the codons in the mRNA sequence.

Answer

To catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids.

Answer

To decode the genetic information in mRNA and determine the sequence of amino acids.

Answer

To proofread and correct errors in tRNA translation.

Question 27

On the mRNA, which codon signals the start of protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

AUG

Answer

UAG

Answer

UAA

Answer

UGA

Question 28

What is the primary function of polyadenylation, a process that occurs during eukaryotic gene expression?

Accepted Answer

To stabilize and protect the mRNA molecule, extending its lifespan.

Answer

To initiate translation of the mRNA.

Answer

To terminate transcription, signaling the end of gene expression.

Answer

To increase the rate of protein synthesis.

Question 29

How do constitutive genes differ from inducible genes in terms of their expression patterns?

Accepted Answer

Constitutive genes are continuously expressed, whereas inducible genes are only expressed in response to specific stimuli or signals.

Answer

Inducible genes are continuously expressed, whereas constitutive genes are only expressed in response to specific stimuli or signals.

Answer

Both types of genes are expressed at the same level and under the same conditions.

Answer

Both types of genes are involved in regulating protein synthesis.

Question 30

Which component is NOT involved in the formation of the transcription initiation complex?

Accepted Answer

Ribosome

Answer

RNA polymerase

Answer

Promoter

Answer

Transcription factors

Question 31

What is the primary function of RNA polymerase?

Accepted Answer

To synthesize RNA molecules

Answer

To translate RNA molecules into proteins

Answer

To regulate gene expression

Answer

To carry out DNA replication

Question 32

Describe the correct sequence of events during transcription.

Accepted Answer

Promoter binding, initiation, elongation, termination

Answer

Initiation, promoter binding, elongation, termination

Answer

Elongation, initiation, promoter binding, termination

Answer

Termination, elongation, initiation, promoter binding

Question 33

Explain the role of the ribosome in protein synthesis.

Accepted Answer

To decode the genetic code and assemble amino acids

Answer

To transcribe DNA into RNA

Answer

To regulate gene expression

Answer

To replicate DNA molecules

Question 34

Define the process by which mRNA is translated into a protein.

Accepted Answer

Translation

Answer

Transcription

Answer

Replication

Answer

Mutation

Question 35

During protein synthesis, which molecule transports the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome?

Accepted Answer

mRNA

Answer

tRNA

Answer

rRNA

Question 36

Which enzyme is exclusively responsible for synthesizing RNA from a DNA template?

Accepted Answer

RNA polymerase

Answer

Topoisomerase

Answer

Primase

Answer

Helicase

Question 37

What is the complementary RNA sequence to the following DNA template strand: 5'-ATGCAT-3'?

Accepted Answer

5'-UACGUA-3'

Answer

3'-UACGUA-5'

Answer

5'-TACGTA-3'

Answer

3'-ATGCAT-5'

Question 38

Which of the following organelles is primarily responsible for protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Ribosome

Answer

Nucleus

Answer

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 39

What is the primary function of tRNA in translation?

Accepted Answer

Transfers specific amino acids to the ribosome based on the mRNA codon

Answer

Terminates translation

Answer

Elongates the polypeptide chain

Answer

Initiates transcription

Question 40

Which of the following is the universal start codon in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

AUG

Answer

UAG

Answer

GAA

Answer

UAA

Question 41

What is the overarching process that encompasses transcription and translation?

Accepted Answer

Gene expression

Answer

Genome replication

Answer

Protein degradation

Answer

Gene regulation

Question 42

What is a fundamental distinction between prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic genes contain introns that must be removed through splicing

Answer

Prokaryotes have a nucleus, while eukaryotes do not

Answer

Prokaryotic genes are organized into operons, while eukaryotic genes are not

Answer

Prokaryotes utilize RNA polymerase III, while eukaryotes utilize RNA polymerase II

Question 43

What is the primary function of the promoter region in gene expression?

Accepted Answer

Binds RNA polymerase and facilitates the initiation of transcription

Answer

Terminates transcription

Answer

Codes for the protein product of the gene

Answer

Encodes the ribosome binding site

Question 44

What is the significance of alternative splicing in gene expression?

Accepted Answer

It allows for the generation of multiple protein isoforms from a single gene

Answer

It increases the rate of transcription

Answer

It prevents the formation of non-functional proteins

Question 45

Which enzyme is directly responsible for synthesizing the mRNA molecule during transcription?

Accepted Answer

RNA polymerase

Answer

DNA polymerase

Answer

Helicase

Answer

Ligase

Question 46

During translation, what is the role of tRNA?

Accepted Answer

To deliver amino acids to the ribosome based on the mRNA codon sequence.

Answer

To unwind the double helix of DNA.

Answer

To transcribe DNA into mRNA.

Question 47

What is the significance of the promoter region in a gene?

Accepted Answer

It serves as the binding site for RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.

Answer

It signals the end of the gene sequence.

Answer

It codes for the amino acid sequence of the protein.

Question 48

Which of the following best describes the genetic code?

Accepted Answer

A set of rules that defines the correspondence between mRNA codons and amino acids.

Answer

The process of replicating DNA before cell division.

Answer

The linear sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule.

Question 49

What is the function of a ribosome during translation?

Accepted Answer

To catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids.

Answer

To transport mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

Answer

To degrade proteins that are no longer needed by the cell.

Question 50

Which of the following occurs during the initiation stage of translation?

Accepted Answer

The ribosome assembles around the start codon on the mRNA.

Answer

The ribosome encounters a stop codon, terminating translation.

Answer

Amino acids are added to the growing polypeptide chain.

Question 51

What is the role of transcription factors in gene expression?

Accepted Answer

To regulate the rate of transcription by binding to specific DNA sequences.

Answer

To provide the energy required for RNA polymerase to function.

Answer

To remove introns from the pre-mRNA molecule.

Question 52

A mutation in a gene's coding sequence could directly result in which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A change in the amino acid sequence of the protein.

Answer

An increase in the production of tRNA molecules.

Answer

A decrease in the rate of mRNA degradation.

Question 53

What is the significance of alternative splicing in gene expression?

Accepted Answer

It allows a single gene to code for multiple protein isoforms.

Answer

It regulates the transport of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

Answer

It ensures that all introns are removed from the pre-mRNA molecule.

Question 54

Which of the following is a post-translational modification that can affect protein function?

Accepted Answer

Phosphorylation

Answer

Replication

Answer

Transcription

Answer

Translation