Cognitive Psychology Quizzes: Test Your Understanding

Question 1

Which of the following is a defining feature of social classes, as proposed by Max Weber's theory of social stratification?

Accepted Answer

They promote a sense of shared identity and unity among members.

Answer

They are solely defined by economic wealth.

Answer

They are inflexible systems with limited social mobility.

Answer

They are exclusively determined by inherited status.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a primary factor used to determine an individual's position within a social hierarchy?

Accepted Answer

Age

Answer

Socioeconomic status (SES)

Answer

Gender

Answer

Ethnicity

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a key factor in determining an individual's social standing?

Accepted Answer

Physical appearance

Answer

Wealth

Answer

Job title

Answer

Education level

Question 4

Which of the following is not a primary factor in determining social class?

Accepted Answer

Age

Answer

Economic resources

Answer

Occupation

Answer

Education

Question 5

Which of the following is a dimension of social stratification that includes the level of respect, prestige, and honor connected with various positions in society?

Accepted Answer

Prestige

Answer

Wealth

Question 6

In Marxist theory, which fundamental factor is considered the primary determinant of social stratification?

Accepted Answer

Ownership of the means of production

Answer

Educational attainment

Answer

Cultural values and norms

Answer

Ascribed social status

Question 7

Which factor is a primary contributor to the persistence of poverty and social exclusion?

Accepted Answer

Limited access to education and employment opportunities

Answer

Inherited wealth and privilege

Answer

Strong social welfare systems

Answer

High levels of social mobility

Question 8

In Bourdieu's theory of social reproduction, which factor is key in shaping an individual's social status?

Accepted Answer

Cultural capital

Answer

Economic resources

Answer

Social prestige

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a primary factor used to determine social stratification?

Accepted Answer

Age

Answer

Occupation

Answer

Education

Answer

Income

Question 10

How does education influence social stratification?

Accepted Answer

Education can both perpetuate and challenge social hierarchies.

Answer

Education only reinforces social hierarchies.

Answer

Education only challenges social hierarchies.

Question 11

How do schemas influence our perception and memory?

Accepted Answer

Schemas help us organize and activate relevant knowledge, making it easier to perceive and remember information that fits the schema.

Answer

Schemas only affect perception, not memory.

Answer

Schemas are only used when we encounter new information.

Answer

Schemas are fixed and cannot be changed by experiences.

Question 12

Which teaching strategies are most effective for long-term memory retention? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each strategy.

Accepted Answer

Spaced repetition: reviewing information at increasing intervals

Accepted Answer

Active recall: retrieving information from memory without cues

Answer

Rote memorization: repeating information without understanding

Question 13

Which activity primarily involves procedural memory?

Accepted Answer

Cycling

Answer

Memorizing a grocery list

Answer

Remembering a rarely dialed phone number

Question 14

Which fundamental principle of cognitive psychology emphasizes the mind's active role in interpreting and constructing information?

Accepted Answer

The mind actively constructs and interprets information.

Answer

The mind is a passive recipient of information.

Answer

Mental processes occur in isolation from each other.

Answer

Cognitive processes are entirely innate.

Question 15

According to Gestalt psychology, which concept refers to the tendency to perceive objects as whole, organized forms rather than as isolated elements?

Accepted Answer

Prägnanz

Answer

Chunking

Answer

Elaboration

Answer

Spacing effect

Question 16

Which type of memory is mainly responsible for holding a limited amount of information for a brief period, allowing for conscious processing?

Accepted Answer

Working memory

Answer

Sensory memory

Answer

Long-term memory

Answer

Episodic memory

Question 17

Which characteristic distinguishes semantic memory from other types of memory?

Accepted Answer

Declarative and explicit

Answer

Procedural and implicit

Answer

Iconic and temporary

Answer

Context-dependent

Question 18

Which cognitive process is central to making inferences, drawing conclusions, and solving problems based on available information?

Accepted Answer

Reasoning

Answer

Attention

Answer

Perception

Answer

Memory

Question 19

The theory of mind refers to the ability to:

Accepted Answer

Understand the mental states of others

Answer

Understand one's own mental states

Answer

Understand the physical states of others

Answer

Understand the motivations of others

Question 20

According to the dual-process theory, which system operates quickly and intuitively, without conscious effort?

Accepted Answer

System 1

Answer

System 2

Answer

Central executive

Answer

Phonological loop

Question 21

The process of strengthening memory traces by transferring information from short-term to long-term memory is known as:

Accepted Answer

Consolidation

Answer

Encoding

Answer

Retrieval

Answer

Rehearsal

Question 22

Precise: Which cognitive process involves the transformation of sensory information into a form suitable for storage in long-term memory?

Accepted Answer

Encoding

Answer

Storage

Answer

Retrieval

Answer

Recognition

Question 23

Clear and Balanced: Which cognitive bias refers to the tendency to overestimate the likelihood of events that are brought to our attention more frequently?

Accepted Answer

Availability Heuristic

Answer

Confirmation Bias

Answer

Illusion of Control

Answer

Framing Effect

Question 24

Specific and Relevant: Which cognitive theory posits that language comprises distinct modules for grammar and word meaning?

Accepted Answer

Generative Grammar

Answer

Cognitive Linguistics

Answer

Usage-Based Grammar

Answer

Neuro-Linguistic Programming

Question 25

Well-Structured: Which type of memory primarily stores memories of personal experiences and events?

Accepted Answer

Episodic Memory

Answer

Semantic Memory

Answer

Procedural Memory

Answer

Working Memory

Question 26

Contextual and Relevant: According to Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development, which stage is marked by the emergence of abstract reasoning?

Accepted Answer

Formal Operational Stage

Answer

Sensorimotor Stage

Answer

Preoperational Stage

Answer

Concrete Operational Stage

Question 27

Precise and Unslanted: Which cognitive phenomenon relates to our tendency to fill in missing parts of patterns or shapes?

Accepted Answer

Closure

Answer

Pragnanz

Answer

Gestalt

Answer

Perceptual Constancy

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT a component of working memory, according to the Baddeley and Hitch model?

Accepted Answer

Episodic Buffer

Answer

Central Executive

Answer

Phonological Loop

Answer

Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad

Question 29

Which cognitive bias refers to the tendency to give more weight to information that is easily recalled from memory?

Accepted Answer

Availability Heuristic

Answer

Confirmation Bias

Answer

Framing Effect

Answer

Illusion of Control

Question 30

Which learning theory views behaviour as a response to environmental stimuli and emphasizes the role of reinforcement and punishment?

Accepted Answer

Behaviourism

Answer

Cognitive Theory

Answer

Social Learning Theory

Answer

Humanistic Theory

Question 31

Which neuroimaging technique measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow using magnetic fields?

Accepted Answer

fMRI

Answer

PET

Answer

EEG

Answer

MEG

Question 32

Which of the following is a characteristic of explicit memory?

Accepted Answer

Conscious recollection of information

Answer

Automatic retrieval of information

Answer

Storage of procedural knowledge

Answer

Temporary storage of information

Question 33

According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, which type of intelligence involves the ability to adapt to changing situations and solve problems effectively?

Accepted Answer

Practical Intelligence

Answer

Analytical Intelligence

Answer

Creative Intelligence

Answer

Emotional Intelligence

Question 34

Which of the following disorders is characterized by significant impairments in memory, language, and executive function?

Accepted Answer

Alzheimer's Disease

Answer

Schizophrenia

Answer

Depression

Answer

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Question 35

According to the cognitive revolution in psychology, what is the central focus of scientific inquiry?

Accepted Answer

Mental processes

Answer

Observable behaviour

Answer

Unconscious motivations

Answer

Social interactions

Question 36

Schema theory suggests that mental frameworks called schemas help us organize knowledge. What else does this theory propose about schemas?

Accepted Answer

Schemas can be influenced by personal beliefs and motivations.

Answer

Once formed, schemas remain unchanged.

Answer

Schemas always accurately reflect reality.

Question 37

In cognitive psychology, schemas primarily serve which function?

Accepted Answer

Organizing and interpreting new information based on existing knowledge

Answer

Storing and retrieving memories for efficient recall

Answer

Providing explanations for knowledge acquisition and retention

Answer

Introducing biases that lead to inaccurate thinking

Question 38

How does social class impact cognitive development in children?

Accepted Answer

Children from higher social classes generally have better cognitive abilities.

Answer

Social class has no effect on children's cognitive development.

Answer

Children from lower social classes have higher cognitive abilities than those from higher social classes.

Answer

Cognitive abilities are solely determined by genetics and are not influenced by social factors.

Question 39

Which theory proposes that semantic memory is organized like a tree, with concepts and subconcepts arranged in a hierarchical structure?

Accepted Answer

Hierarchical Theory of Semantic Memory

Answer

Spreading Activation Theory

Answer

Network Activation Theory

Answer

Parallel Distributed Processing Model

Question 40

How does attention impact learning and memory? Explain the different types of attention and their effects on cognitive tasks.

Accepted Answer

Selective attention boosts memory encoding, while divided attention impairs it.

Accepted Answer

Sustained attention is crucial for both short-term and long-term memory.

Answer

Attention is a passive process that has no impact on cognitive functioning.

Question 41

Which of the following is **NOT** a stage in the information-processing model of memory?

Accepted Answer

Distortion

Answer

Encoding

Answer

Storage

Answer

Retrieval

Question 42

The ability to mentally manipulate objects in the absence of the actual objects is known as:

Accepted Answer

Working memory

Answer

Long-term memory

Answer

Short-term memory

Answer

Implicit memory

Question 43

The Stroop effect demonstrates the influence of:

Accepted Answer

Attention

Answer

Perception

Answer

Memory

Answer

Language

Question 44

Which theory of language acquisition emphasizes the role of innate knowledge?

Accepted Answer

Nativist theory

Answer

Behaviourist theory

Answer

Interactionist theory

Answer

Social learning theory

Question 45

The process of forming new neural connections in response to learning is known as:

Accepted Answer

Synaptic plasticity

Answer

Long-term potentiation

Answer

Neurogenesis

Answer

Myelination

Question 46

The idea that memories are reconstructed rather than accurately retrieved is central to which theory of memory?

Accepted Answer

Constructivist theory

Answer

Gestalt theory

Answer

Schema theory

Answer

Dual coding theory

Question 47

How do cultural factors influence cognitive processes? Discuss the impact of cultural diversity on our attention, memory, and problem-solving approaches.

Accepted Answer

Cultural diversity significantly affects our attention, memory, and problem-solving strategies by shaping our values, beliefs, and experiences.

Answer

Cultural factors have no impact on cognitive processes.

Answer

Cultural differences only affect memory processes, not attention or problem-solving.

Answer

Cultural factors primarily influence problem-solving strategies, with minimal effects on attention or memory.

Question 48

Which cognitive theory emphasizes the hierarchical organization of knowledge in memory?

Accepted Answer

Schema theory

Answer

Gestalt theory

Answer

Connectionist theory

Question 49

According to the working memory model, which component serves as the central control system?

Accepted Answer

Central executive

Answer

Phonological loop

Answer

Episodic buffer

Answer

Visuospatial sketchpad

Question 50

Which memory process involves the transfer of information from working memory to long-term storage?

Accepted Answer

Consolidation

Answer

Encoding

Answer

Retrieval

Answer

Recognition

Question 51

What cognitive technique improves memory by organizing information into meaningful units?

Accepted Answer

Chunking

Answer

Recall

Answer

Spaced repetition

Answer

Massed practice

Question 52

Which cognitive bias involves relying on easily retrievable information to make judgments, potentially leading to overestimation of its importance?

Accepted Answer

Availability heuristic

Answer

Confirmation bias

Answer

Framing effect

Answer

Hindsight bias

Question 53

Which cognitive theory proposes that information processing occurs gradually in a step-by-step manner?

Accepted Answer

Stage theory

Answer

Parallel distributed processing theory

Answer

Cognitive architecture theory

Answer

Connectionist theory

Question 54

In brain imaging, which technique monitors changes in neural activity by measuring blood flow?

Accepted Answer

fMRI

Answer

EEG

Answer

PET

Answer

MEG

Question 55

Which type of memory is responsible for storing skills and sequences of actions?

Accepted Answer

Procedural memory

Answer

Working memory

Answer

Episodic memory

Answer

Semantic memory

Question 56

In decision-making, what cognitive mechanism enables rapid judgments and choices?

Accepted Answer

Heuristics

Answer

Reasoning

Answer

Problem-solving

Answer

Algorithms

Question 57

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children progress through a series of stages. Which of the following is the correct order of these stages?

Accepted Answer

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational

Answer

Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Sensorimotor, Formal Operational

Answer

Formal Operational, Concrete Operational, Preoperational, Sensorimotor

Answer

Concrete Operational, Preoperational, Sensorimotor, Formal Operational

Question 58

Which of the following is a key feature of working memory?

Accepted Answer

Limited capacity

Answer

Permanent storage

Answer

Unlimited capacity

Answer

Context-independent

Question 59

What is the main purpose of schema theory?

Accepted Answer

To explain how we organize and interpret information

Answer

To predict human behavior

Answer

To enhance problem-solving skills

Answer

To diagnose mental disorders

Question 60

Which of the following is a common criticism of the Stroop effect?

Accepted Answer

It is not entirely reliable across different populations

Answer

It is too easy to perform

Answer

It is not valid

Answer

It is only applicable to children

Question 61

What is the fundamental difference between implicit and explicit memory?

Accepted Answer

Implicit memory is unconscious, while explicit memory is conscious

Answer

Implicit memory is episodic, while explicit memory is semantic

Answer

Implicit memory is short-term, while explicit memory is long-term

Answer

Implicit memory is declarative, while explicit memory is non-declarative

Question 62

Which neurotransmitter is predominantly associated with attention and memory?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Norepinephrine

Answer

Serotonin

Question 63

Which cognitive bias is characterized by our tendency to overestimate the likelihood of events that are easily recalled?

Accepted Answer

Availability heuristic

Answer

Confirmation bias

Answer

Hindsight bias

Answer

Framing effect

Question 64

Which brain structure is primarily involved in the formation of new memories?

Accepted Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Amygdala

Answer

Prefrontal cortex

Answer

Cerebellum