Research Ethics in Research Methods for PhD: Online Learning

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a fundamental ethical principle in research?

Accepted Answer

Convenience

Answer

Respect for persons

Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Non-maleficence

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a fundamental ethical principle that guides research conduct?

Accepted Answer

Scientific integrity

Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Justice

Answer

Respect for autonomy

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a fundamental ethical principle in research?

Accepted Answer

Paternalism

Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Autonomy

Answer

Justice

Question 4

What is the primary responsibility of an Institutional Review Board (IRB) in research ethics?

Accepted Answer

Review and approve research proposals for ethical compliance

Answer

Establish universal ethical guidelines for research

Answer

Investigate allegations of research misconduct

Answer

Provide training on responsible research practices

Question 5

Which ethical principle requires researchers to treat participants with dignity and respect?

Accepted Answer

Respect for persons

Answer

Scientific integrity

Answer

Confidentiality

Answer

Beneficence

Question 6

Which of the following is a core principle that forms the foundation of ethical research practices?

Accepted Answer

Respecting the autonomy and dignity of research participants

Accepted Answer

Obtaining informed consent from all participants

Answer

Prioritizing knowledge acquisition as the primary goal

Answer

Avoiding topics that may stir controversy

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a fundamental ethical principle that researchers must adhere to in conducting research?

Accepted Answer

Economic viability

Answer

Respect for persons

Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Justice

Question 8

Which ethical principle requires researchers to prioritize the well-being and rights of research participants?

Accepted Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Autonomy

Answer

Justice

Answer

Fidelity

Question 9

Which ethical principle ensures research participants have the right to choose whether or not to take part in a study?

Accepted Answer

Voluntary Participation

Answer

Data Anonymity

Answer

Risk Minimization

Answer

Scientific Integrity

Question 10

In research involving human participants, which ethical principle requires researchers to prioritize participants' well-being and minimize harm?

Accepted Answer

Beneficence-Nonmaleficence

Answer

Informed Consent

Answer

Respect for Privacy

Answer

Objectivity

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a fundamental principle of ethical research?

Accepted Answer

Personal Convenience

Answer

Respect for Autonomy

Answer

Justice and Fairness

Answer

Beneficence and Non-maleficence

Question 12

According to the Belmont Report, which ethical principle emphasizes the significance of acquiring informed consent and enabling participants to withdraw from a study whenever they choose?

Accepted Answer

Respect for autonomy

Answer

Justice

Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Scientific integrity

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a core ethical principle outlined in the Belmont Report?

Accepted Answer

Objectivity

Answer

Respect for persons

Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Justice

Question 14

In a research study involving human subjects, the researcher has obtained informed consent and ensured participant safety. Which ethical principle is primarily addressed in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

Autonomy: The researcher respects the participants' right to make informed decisions about their involvement in the study.

Answer

Beneficence: The researcher prioritizes the well-being of the participants and minimizes potential harm.

Question 15

Which ethical principle is paramount for researchers to uphold in their research practices?

Accepted Answer

Respect for human participants

Answer

Scientific accuracy and integrity

Answer

Confidentiality and privacy

Answer

Objectivity and impartiality

Question 16

In research involving human participants, why is obtaining informed consent crucial?

Accepted Answer

To empower participants with knowledge of the study's potential risks and benefits, enabling them to make informed decisions about their participation.

Answer

To shield researchers from legal responsibilities related to the research project.

Answer

To expedite the research approval process and facilitate the study's implementation.

Answer

To guarantee the study's compliance with guidelines and regulations established by the institutional review board (IRB).

Question 17

Which ethical principle in research emphasizes maximizing benefits and minimizing risks for participants?

Accepted Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Respect for persons

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a fundamental ethical principle in research, as outlined in the Belmont Report?

Accepted Answer

Scientific Rigor

Answer

Autonomy

Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Justice

Question 19

In research ethics, which principle emphasizes respecting individuals' rights and their ability to make independent decisions about their participation?

Accepted Answer

Autonomy

Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Justice

Answer

Utility

Question 20

Which ethical principle grants participants the power to decide their level of involvement in research?

Accepted Answer

Autonomy

Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Non-maleficence

Answer

Fidelity

Question 21

Which of the following actions would violate ethical guidelines in research?

Accepted Answer

Using deception or coercion to obtain research data

Answer

Respecting participants' autonomy and right to make informed decisions

Answer

Minimizing potential harm to participants and maximizing potential benefits

Question 22

In research involving human participants, which ethical principle is crucial?

Accepted Answer

Fully informing participants and obtaining their voluntary consent

Answer

Prioritizing scientific goals over participants' rights

Answer

Using deception to enhance research validity

Answer

Letting personal beliefs influence research conduct

Question 23

Which of these is NOT a core ethical principle in research?

Accepted Answer

Utilitarianism

Answer

Respect for Persons

Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Justice

Question 24

Which of the following actions constitutes a severe form of research misconduct that compromises the integrity of research?

Accepted Answer

Falsifying research findings

Answer

Reproducing research studies

Answer

Neglecting to acquire informed consent

Answer

Disseminating research findings to colleagues

Question 25

Which ethical principle mandates researchers to prioritize the well-being and safety of their participants?

Accepted Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Informed consent

Answer

Scientific merit

Question 26

In research ethics, which aspect is crucial for upholding scientific integrity?

Accepted Answer

Ensuring transparency and reproducibility in research methods and results

Answer

Concealing or altering research findings

Answer

Disregarding ethical guidelines and regulations in research practice

Answer

Plagiarizing and violating copyright in academic works

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT a crucial element of scientific integrity in research?

Accepted Answer

Prioritizing the pursuit of knowledge over ethical considerations

Answer

Honesty and transparency in reporting research findings

Answer

Adhering to ethical guidelines and regulations

Answer

Avoiding conflicts of interest or disclosing them when they arise

Question 28

In research ethics, what is the primary role of ethical principles?

Accepted Answer

Protect participants and ensure research integrity

Answer

Determine research methods

Answer

Enforce specific research procedures

Answer

Reflect community values

Question 29

Which of the following is a fundamental aspect of the ethical principle of beneficence in research?

Accepted Answer

Prioritizing the well-being and safety of participants above all else

Answer

Ensuring the privacy and confidentiality of research data

Answer

Acquiring written consent from participants prior to commencing the research

Question 30

Which ethical principle requires researchers to prioritize the well-being and rights of research participants?

Accepted Answer

Respect for participants

Answer

Pursuit of personal gain

Answer

Ignoring potential risks to participants

Answer

Withholding information from participants

Question 31

In research ethics, what is the primary function of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

Accepted Answer

To review and approve research proposals

Answer

To ensure the privacy of research data

Answer

To oversee ongoing research projects

Answer

To investigate claims of research misconduct

Question 32

Which ethical principle emphasizes treating individuals with respect, safeguarding their privacy, and allowing them to make choices about their lives?

Accepted Answer

Autonomy

Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Justice

Question 33

Which ethical principle in research prioritizes preventing harm to participants?

Accepted Answer

Non-maleficence

Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Justice

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT a fundamental ethical principle in research?

Accepted Answer

Expediting research

Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Justice

Answer

Respect for autonomy

Question 35

In research, which action best reflects the principle of scientific integrity?

Accepted Answer

Following established research guidelines and protocols to ensure the validity and accuracy of findings.

Answer

Concealing unfavorable or inconvenient research findings to align with personal views.

Answer

Modifying data to support a desired outcome, even if it compromises the accuracy of the findings.

Question 36

In the United Kingdom, which document outlines ethical guidelines for research involving human participants?

Accepted Answer

UK Policy Framework for Health and Social Care Research

Answer

Declaration of Helsinki

Answer

Belmont Report

Answer

General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)

Question 37

In research ethics, why is it essential to obtain informed consent from participants?

Accepted Answer

To inform participants about potential risks and benefits of their involvement.

Answer

To secure legal permission for conducting research on human subjects.

Answer

To establish a legally binding contract between the researcher and the participant.

Question 38

In cross-cultural research, which ethical consideration is paramount?

Accepted Answer

Adapting research methods to respect cultural diversity.

Answer

Using standardized consent forms for all participants.

Answer

Adhering to ethical guidelines from the researcher's institution.

Answer

Employing a translator for communication with participants.

Question 39

In research ethics, which principle places the well-being of participants above the pursuit of scientific knowledge?

Accepted Answer

Respect for participants' autonomy

Answer

Respect for participants' privacy

Answer

Pursuit of scientific knowledge without ethical constraints

Answer

Minimizing discomfort for participants

Question 40

In research involving human participants, what should be the primary concern for researchers?

Accepted Answer

Protecting the rights, well-being, and dignity of the research participants

Answer

Maximizing the societal benefits of the research

Answer

Ensuring the accuracy and validity of the research findings

Question 41

In research data management, what ethical consideration holds the highest priority?

Accepted Answer

Confidentiality and data protection measures to safeguard participant privacy and data security

Answer

Ensuring data accuracy and consistency

Answer

Prioritizing efficient data storage and retrieval over participant privacy

Answer

Researchers are not responsible for ensuring participant confidentiality and data protection

Question 42

Which action best exemplifies the research ethics principle of beneficence, which prioritizes minimizing potential harm and maximizing potential benefits for research participants?

Accepted Answer

Minimizing harm and maximizing benefits

Answer

Preventing harm

Answer

Distributing benefits equally

Answer

Obtaining informed consent

Question 43

When obtaining informed consent in research, which ethical consideration is crucial?

Accepted Answer

Providing thorough information about the research to potential participants

Answer

Acquiring consent without explaining the research clearly

Answer

Preventing participants from asking questions about the research

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT among the three fundamental ethical principles in research outlined in the Belmont Report?

Accepted Answer

Confidentiality

Answer

Respect for persons

Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Justice

Question 45

Which ethical principle is paramount in research, emphasizing the significance of respecting individuals' rights and autonomy?

Accepted Answer

Respect for Autonomy

Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Justice

Question 46

Which principle in research ethics stresses the significance of openness and transparency in sharing research findings?

Accepted Answer

Transparency

Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Justice

Answer

Respect for autonomy

Question 47

Which statement best defines the principle of confidentiality in research?

Accepted Answer

Participants' personal information and data will remain private and confidential.

Answer

Researchers must share all data collected during the study with the public.

Question 48

Which ethical principle in research emphasizes the utmost importance of preserving the reliability and validity of research findings?

Accepted Answer

Scientific Integrity

Answer

Respect for Human Participants

Answer

Confidentiality and Privacy

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT a fundamental ethical principle that governs research conduct?

Accepted Answer

Efficiency

Answer

Respect for autonomy

Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Justice

Question 50

How have societal attitudes, technological advancements, and legal frameworks shaped the evolution of research ethics guidelines?

Accepted Answer

Technological advancements have led to the development of **new** ethical issues that need to be addressed by research ethics guidelines.

Answer

Societal attitudes have had **no** influence on the development of research ethics guidelines.

Question 51

When conducting research in international settings, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, which ethical principle should guide researchers?

Accepted Answer

Obtain informed consent from participants in all cases

Answer

Prioritize the interests of the host country over their own

Answer

Avoid conducting research in low- and middle-income countries due to potential exploitation

Question 52

In research, which action upholds the ethical principles of autonomy and informed consent?

Accepted Answer

Providing participants with a thorough study explanation, addressing their queries, and allowing them ample time to review and comprehend the consent form before requesting their signature.

Answer

Approaching potential participants without disclosing any study details.

Answer

Obtaining consent after providing a general study overview without specific details.

Answer

Having participants sign a consent form without giving them sufficient time to read and understand it.

Question 53

In cross-cultural research, how can researchers address ethical challenges arising from cultural diversity and power imbalances? Discuss effective mitigation strategies.

Accepted Answer

Prioritize obtaining informed consent from all participants, regardless of cultural background or power status.

Answer

Avoid interacting with participants from cultures different from their own to prevent misunderstandings and biases.

Answer

Assume the superiority of their cultural values and beliefs over others and adjust their research design accordingly.

Answer

Ignore power dynamics in their research, as these are beyond their control and influence.

Question 54

Which ethical principle emphasizes that research participants have the right to make independent decisions about their involvement in research?

Accepted Answer

Autonomy

Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Justice

Answer

Non-maleficence

Question 55

Ethical guidelines in research primarily aim to:

Accepted Answer

Protect the rights, welfare, and dignity of research participants

Answer

Enhance the credibility and trustworthiness of research findings

Answer

Ensure the efficient and timely completion of research projects

Answer

Minimize the legal liabilities of researchers and institutions

Question 56

When conducting research using social media data, what are some key ethical concerns and potential biases that researchers must consider?

Accepted Answer

Consent and privacy issues may arise due to collecting data without explicit consent.

Accepted Answer

The accuracy and reliability of social media data can vary, potentially introducing biases into research findings.

Accepted Answer

Data collected from social media platforms may not fully represent the broader target population, resulting in biased samples.

Answer

Ethical review is not necessary for research using social media data, as it is publicly available information.

Question 57

Which statement best captures the ethical considerations of animal research?

Accepted Answer

Animal research is acceptable if conducted responsibly and aims to improve human health.

Answer

Animal research is inherently unethical and should be prohibited.

Answer

Researchers have no obligation to minimize animal pain and suffering.

Answer

Animal research is outdated and should be replaced by computer simulations and in vitro studies.

Question 58

Which of the listed is NOT a potential ethical concern that can arise in research involving human participants?

Accepted Answer

Respect for cultural diversity

Answer

Coercion or undue influence

Answer

Invasion of privacy

Answer

Physical or psychological harm

Question 59

In the United Kingdom, which organization is accountable for establishing and enforcing ethical guidelines for research involving human participants?

Accepted Answer

Health Research Authority

Answer

Medical Research Council

Answer

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence

Answer

General Medical Council

Question 60

In the Belmont Report, the ethical principle of respect for persons is based on the concept that:

Accepted Answer

Individuals should be treated as autonomous beings

Answer

Individuals should be protected from harm

Answer

Individuals should have access to the benefits of research

Answer

Individuals should have their privacy respected

Question 61

Which type of ethical issue focuses on potential harm or discomfort to participants?

Accepted Answer

Risk-benefit assessment

Answer

Informed consent

Answer

Privacy

Answer

Confidentiality

Question 62

Which ethical principle emphasizes fairness in the distribution of research benefits and burdens?

Accepted Answer

Justice

Answer

Respect for persons

Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Non-maleficence

Question 63

In multi-site research, what ethical concerns arise specifically regarding data sharing, harmonization, and participant protection across different locations?

Accepted Answer

Data sharing in multi-site research raises ethical concerns primarily related to participant privacy and confidentiality.

Answer

Multi-site research poses no unique ethical considerations.

Answer

Ethical guidelines are identical across all research sites.

Answer

Harmonizing data across different sites is ethically unproblematic.

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of culturally sensitive research?

Accepted Answer

Prioritizing the researcher's own cultural perspective

Answer

Respecting participants' values and beliefs

Answer

Using culturally appropriate methods

Answer

Avoiding stereotypes and generalizations