Memory and Cognition: Master the Fundamentals of Memory Processes

Question 1

According to the interference theory, which factor is NOT associated with forgetting?

Accepted Answer

Encoding depth

Answer

Proactive interference

Answer

Retroactive interference

Answer

Retrieval suppression

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of short-term memory?

Accepted Answer

Encoding by meaning

Answer

Limited capacity

Answer

Rapid decay

Answer

Active rehearsal

Question 3

According to Baddeley's model of working memory, which component is responsible for storing visual and spatial information?

Accepted Answer

Visuo-spatial sketchpad

Answer

Phonological loop

Answer

Central executive

Answer

Episodic buffer

Question 4

Which of the following is a technique that has been shown to enhance memory?

Accepted Answer

Spaced retrieval

Answer

Cramming before a test

Answer

Mind mapping

Answer

Passive reading

Question 5

Which of the following is a common symptom of retrograde amnesia?

Accepted Answer

Loss of memories prior to a certain event

Answer

Inability to form new memories

Answer

Difficulty concentrating

Answer

Hallucinations

Question 6

Which characteristic is NOT associated with long-term memory storage?

Accepted Answer

Fast retrieval

Answer

Large capacity

Answer

Permanent storage

Answer

Encoding through rehearsal

Question 7

Retrieval refers to the process of:

Accepted Answer

Accessing and recovering stored information

Answer

Encoding new information into memory

Answer

Consolidating memories over time

Answer

Disposing of irrelevant memories

Question 8

Which type of memory stores personal experiences and events?

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory

Answer

Semantic memory

Answer

Procedural memory

Answer

Working memory

Question 9

What is the key difference between explicit and implicit memory?

Accepted Answer

Explicit memory requires conscious effort, while implicit memory does not.

Answer

Implicit memory requires conscious effort, while explicit memory does not.

Answer

Both types of memory involve conscious awareness.

Answer

There is no difference between explicit and implicit memory.

Question 10

In the context of memory, describe the distinct roles of attention and rehearsal in the processes of encoding and retrieval.

Accepted Answer

Attention enhances encoding by directing resources to relevant information, and rehearsal strengthens memory by reinforcing memory traces during retrieval.

Answer

Attention aids in encoding, while rehearsal assists in retrieval.

Answer

Attention and rehearsal are not significant factors in memory encoding and retrieval.

Answer

Rehearsal is crucial for encoding new information, while attention plays no role in memory retrieval.

Question 11

Forgetting is believed to occur primarily due to:

Accepted Answer

A combination of all three

Answer

Decay

Answer

Interference

Answer

Motivated forgetting

Question 12

Which of the following is a method used to assess implicit memory?

Accepted Answer

Priming

Answer

Free recall

Answer

Recognition

Answer

Cued recall

Question 13

Anterograde amnesia is characterized by:

Accepted Answer

Inability to form new memories

Answer

Inability to recall old memories

Answer

Difficulty in encoding and retrieving memories

Answer

Impairment in both short-term and long-term memory

Question 14

The hippocampus is a brain structure that is primarily involved in:

Accepted Answer

Encoding of episodic memories

Answer

Retrieval of semantic memories

Answer

Formation of procedural memories

Answer

Attention and working memory

Question 15

Identify the type of memory that is NOT considered a form of long-term memory.

Accepted Answer

Sensory

Answer

Explicit

Answer

Implicit

Answer

Procedural

Question 16

What is the term for the process that transfers information from short-term memory to long-term memory?

Accepted Answer

Consolidation

Answer

Encoding

Answer

Retrieval

Answer

Forgetting

Question 17

Describe the primary function of the hippocampus in memory processes.

Accepted Answer

Consolidating long-term memories

Answer

Encoding long-term memories

Answer

Storing short-term memories

Answer

Retrieving long-term memories

Question 18

Define the difference between anterograde and retrograde amnesia.

Accepted Answer

Anterograde amnesia affects the ability to form new memories, while retrograde amnesia affects the ability to retrieve old memories.

Answer

Anterograde amnesia is temporary, while retrograde amnesia is permanent.

Answer

Anterograde amnesia is caused by damage to the hippocampus, while retrograde amnesia is caused by damage to the frontal lobes.

Answer

Anterograde amnesia is more common than retrograde amnesia.

Question 19

Which type of memory, featuring an unlimited capacity and durability, stores general knowledge about the world?

Accepted Answer

Semantic memory

Answer

Episodic memory

Answer

Procedural memory

Answer

Long-term memory

Question 20

Which brain structure plays a crucial role in the formation of new memories?

Accepted Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Amygdala

Answer

Prefrontal cortex

Answer

Cerebellum

Question 21

Anterograde amnesia is characterized by:

Accepted Answer

Difficulty forming new memories after the onset of amnesia

Answer

Inability to recall events before the onset of amnesia

Answer

Loss of procedural memories

Answer

Preserved episodic memory

Question 22

Which theory proposes that memories are actively constructed and reconstructed rather than passively recorded?

Accepted Answer

Constructive memory theory

Answer

Cognitive dissonance theory

Answer

Schema theory

Answer

Bartlett's theory of schemas

Question 23

Excluding one that does not belong, identify the type of memory that does NOT fall under long-term memory.

Accepted Answer

Sensory memory

Answer

Episodic memory

Answer

Semantic memory

Answer

Procedural memory

Question 24

Which type of memory stores our unique and personal experiences?

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory

Answer

Semantic memory

Answer

Procedural memory

Answer

Working memory

Question 25

Which characteristic is unique to procedural memory?

Accepted Answer

It is acquired through practice and repetition.

Answer

It is explicit and conscious.

Answer

It involves knowledge about the world.

Answer

It is easily forgotten.

Question 26

Which characteristic does NOT apply to short-term memory?

Accepted Answer

Effortless encoding

Answer

Limited capacity

Answer

Temporary storage

Answer

Easily disrupted

Question 27

The process by which memories are stored for long-term retention is known as:

Accepted Answer

Consolidation

Answer

Encoding

Answer

Retrieval

Answer

Forgetting

Question 28

Which of the following factors does NOT influence forgetting?

Accepted Answer

Motivation

Answer

Time

Answer

Interference

Answer

Emotional state

Question 29

The ability to recall memories from long-term storage is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Retrieval

Answer

Encoding

Answer

Recognition

Answer

Forgetting

Question 30

The capacity of working memory is typically measured in:

Accepted Answer

Chunks

Answer

Seconds

Answer

Minutes

Answer

Units

Question 31

The theory of forgetting known as the interference theory suggests that:

Accepted Answer

New memories interfere with old memories

Answer

Memories fade over time

Answer

Memories are actively suppressed

Answer

Memories are lost due to brain damage

Question 32

Which of the following is a structural component of the brain involved in memory?

Accepted Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Cerebellum

Answer

Medulla oblongata

Answer

Frontal lobe

Question 33

Which type of memory involves the storage of long-term, difficult-to-access memories related to personal experiences?

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory

Answer

Working memory

Answer

Semantic memory

Answer

Procedural memory

Question 34

Indicate the brain structure playing a crucial role in the formation of new memories:

Accepted Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Prefrontal cortex

Answer

Cerebellum

Answer

Amygdala

Question 35

Which type of long-term memory stores general knowledge and facts?

Accepted Answer

Semantic memory

Answer

Working memory

Answer

Episodic memory

Answer

Procedural memory

Question 36

Identify the theory that attributes forgetting to the gradual weakening of memory traces over time:

Accepted Answer

Decay theory

Answer

Interference theory

Answer

Motivated forgetting theory

Answer

Retrieval failure theory

Question 37

Which of the following is a characteristic of retrieval-induced forgetting?

Accepted Answer

The act of recalling one memory can impair the retrieval of a related memory.

Answer

It leads to a permanent loss of memories

Answer

It exclusively affects memories that are closely related in time

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT a stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model?

Accepted Answer

Long-term storage rehearsal

Answer

Short-term memory

Answer

Sensory memory

Answer

Long-term memory

Question 39

Which type of memory involves the storage of information over a prolonged period?

Accepted Answer

Long-term memory

Answer

Sensory memory

Answer

Short-term memory

Answer

Working memory

Question 40

According to the decay theory of forgetting, which factor significantly influences memory loss?

Accepted Answer

Passage of time

Answer

Insufficient retrieval cues

Answer

Interference

Answer

Emotional arousal

Question 41

Which neuroimaging technique is commonly used to investigate memory processes?

Accepted Answer

fMRI

Answer

CT scan

Answer

PET

Answer

EEG

Question 42

Which brain region plays a crucial role in the consolidation of long-term memories?

Accepted Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Prefrontal cortex

Answer

Amygdala

Answer

Cerebellum

Question 43

What is the term for the ability to recall information without consciously recollecting it?

Accepted Answer

Implicit memory

Answer

Explicit memory

Answer

Episodic memory

Answer

Semantic memory

Question 44

Which characteristic is associated with false memories?

Accepted Answer

They can be vivid and elaborate

Answer

They cannot be corrected

Answer

They are linked exclusively to emotional experiences

Answer

They are solely formed in children