Innate and Adaptive Immunity: Interactive Learning Quizzes

Question 1

Which cell is not involved in phagocytosis, the process of engulfing foreign particles and pathogens?

Accepted Answer

Lymphocytes

Answer

Neutrophils

Answer

Macrophages

Answer

Eosinophils

Question 2

Which cytokine is primarily responsible for stimulating the production and activation of cytotoxic T cells, which kill infected cells?

Accepted Answer

Interleukin-2

Answer

Interleukin-4

Answer

Interferon-gamma

Answer

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha

Question 3

The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is critical in immune recognition because it:

Accepted Answer

Presents antigens to T cells

Answer

Produces antibodies

Answer

Recognizes pathogens directly

Answer

Activates macrophages

Question 4

The complement system, a group of proteins in the blood, plays a crucial role in innate immunity by:

Accepted Answer

Enhancing the ability of phagocytes to engulf pathogens

Answer

Directly killing pathogens

Answer

Activating T cells

Answer

Producing antibodies

Question 5

Which type of immune cell is responsible for producing antibodies, key components of humoral immunity?

Accepted Answer

B cells

Answer

Neutrophils

Answer

Macrophages

Answer

T cells

Question 6

The process by which T cells become activated and proliferate, leading to an adaptive immune response, is known as:

Accepted Answer

Clonal selection

Answer

Phagocytosis

Answer

Antigen presentation

Answer

Opsonization

Question 7

Which of the following is not recognized as a type of hypersensitivity reaction?

Accepted Answer

Type V

Answer

Type I

Answer

Type II

Answer

Type III

Question 8

The thymus gland, a lymphoid organ, has a primary function in the immune system, which is:

Accepted Answer

Maturing T cells

Answer

Producing antibodies

Answer

Filtering blood

Answer

Storing immune cells

Question 9

Which cell type is **not** a primary component of the innate immune system?

Accepted Answer

Lymphocytes

Answer

Neutrophils

Answer

Macrophages

Answer

Dendritic cells

Question 10

Inflammation is a key feature of the immune response. Discuss how inflammation can have both beneficial and potentially harmful effects.

Accepted Answer

Inflammation can be both beneficial and harmful, depending on its duration and intensity.

Answer

Inflammation is exclusively beneficial, aiding in pathogen elimination and tissue repair.

Answer

Inflammation is always harmful, leading to tissue damage and chronic diseases.

Answer

Inflammation should always be suppressed to prevent any potential harm.

Question 11

How do antigen-presenting cells (APCs) activate T cells? Explain the role of cytokine signaling and MHC-mediated antigen presentation.

Accepted Answer

APCs capture antigens, process them, and present them on MHC II molecules, triggering T helper cell activation.

Answer

APCs secrete cytokines that activate T cells directly, bypassing MHC presentation.

Answer

APCs lyse infected cells, releasing antigens that T cells can recognize directly.

Question 12

Which type of phagocytic cell is highly specialized in engulfing and destroying pathogens?

Accepted Answer

Macrophages

Answer

Neutrophils

Answer

Eosinophils

Answer

Basophils

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a component of the complement system?

Accepted Answer

Immunoglobulin G (IgG)

Answer

C3a

Answer

C5b-9

Answer

Properdin

Question 14

What is the primary function of dendritic cells in adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Antigen presentation

Answer

Phagocytosis of pathogens

Answer

Cytokine production

Answer

Antibody production

Question 15

What is the main mechanism by which cytotoxic T cells kill target cells?

Accepted Answer

Direct cytotoxicity via perforin and granzymes

Answer

Phagocytosis

Answer

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)

Answer

Fas-mediated apoptosis

Question 16

Which of the following cytokines is a key regulator of B cell differentiation and antibody production?

Accepted Answer

Interleukin-4 (IL-4)

Answer

Interleukin-10 (IL-10)

Answer

Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)

Answer

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)

Question 17

What is the process by which B cells undergo somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination?

Accepted Answer

Affinity maturation

Answer

Clonal anergy

Answer

Immunological synapse formation

Answer

T cell receptor (TCR) rearrangement

Question 18

Which of the following is a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecule?

Accepted Answer

HLA-DR

Answer

HLA-A

Answer

HLA-B

Answer

HLA-Cw

Question 19

What is the primary role of regulatory T cells (Tregs)?

Accepted Answer

To suppress immune responses

Answer

To activate other T cells

Answer

To produce antibodies

Answer

To kill infected cells

Question 20

Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) are essential in innate immunity. What is their primary function?

Accepted Answer

Recognizing molecular patterns on pathogens

Answer

Eliminating pathogens directly

Answer

Producing antibodies against pathogens

Answer

Activating complement proteins

Question 21

Which cells are NOT involved in the innate immune response?

Accepted Answer

T lymphocytes

Answer

Macrophages

Answer

Natural killer cells

Answer

Neutrophils

Question 22

Which molecule is essential for the activation of B lymphocytes?

Accepted Answer

MHC II

Answer

TCR

Answer

IgE

Answer

MHC I

Question 23

What is the main function of the complement system?

Accepted Answer

To enhance opsonization and inflammation

Answer

To regulate adaptive immune responses

Answer

To directly destroy pathogens

Answer

To produce antibodies

Question 24

Which cytokine is released by activated T lymphocytes and promotes the differentiation of B lymphocytes into plasma cells?

Accepted Answer

Interleukin-4 (IL-4)

Answer

Interleukin-2 (IL-2)

Answer

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)

Answer

Interferon gamma (IFN-γ)

Question 25

How do antibodies neutralize viruses?

Accepted Answer

By binding to viral surface proteins and blocking their interaction with host cells

Answer

By activating cytotoxic T lymphocytes

Answer

By lysing viral particles

Question 26

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE antibodies?

Accepted Answer

Type I

Answer

Type IV

Answer

Type III

Answer

Type II

Question 27

What is the primary role of dendritic cells in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

To present antigens to T lymphocytes

Answer

To release inflammatory cytokines

Answer

To phagocytose pathogens

Answer

To produce antibodies

Question 28

Which cell surface receptors recognize conserved molecular patterns (PAMPs) associated with pathogens?

Accepted Answer

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

Answer

Fc receptors

Answer

T cell receptors (TCRs)

Answer

Interleukin receptors

Question 29

What is the significance of memory cells in adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

They provide long-lasting protection against reinfection

Answer

They recognize and destroy pathogens immediately

Answer

They produce antibodies