Common Hematological Diseases: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Question 1

Which type of anemia is characterized by the presence of large, immature red blood cells in the peripheral blood?

Accepted Answer

Megaloblastic anemia

Answer

Aplastic anemia

Answer

Sickle cell anemia

Answer

Iron-deficiency anemia

Question 2

What is the underlying cause of acute myeloid leukemia (AML)?

Accepted Answer

Uncontrolled proliferation of myeloid stem cells

Answer

Chronic inflammation of bone marrow

Answer

Immune system dysfunction

Answer

Viral infection

Question 3

What is the recommended first-line treatment for most cases of iron-deficiency anemia?

Accepted Answer

Oral iron supplements

Answer

Blood transfusion

Answer

Erythropoietin injections

Answer

Bone marrow transplant

Question 4

What is the key distinction between a myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) and a myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?

Accepted Answer

MPNs involve excessive proliferation of mature blood cells, while MDSs involve ineffective production of blood cells.

Answer

MDSs involve excessive proliferation of immature blood cells, while MPNs involve ineffective production of blood cells.

Answer

MPNs are characterized by low blood counts, while MDSs are characterized by high blood counts.

Answer

MDSs are typically associated with a higher risk of transformation to leukemia than MPNs.

Question 5

How does molecular testing enhance the diagnosis and management of hematological diseases?

Accepted Answer

It confirms or refines a diagnosis.

Accepted Answer

It guides treatment by identifying specific mutations.

Answer

It predicts the exact prognosis of the disease.

Question 6

What is a known risk factor for developing aplastic anemia?

Accepted Answer

Exposure to chemicals like benzene

Answer

Family history of the disease

Answer

Specific age or gender

Question 7

What are the key components of supportive care for patients with severe aplastic anemia?

Accepted Answer

Transfusion therapy, growth factors, and infection prevention

Answer

Blood transfusion therapy only

Answer

Infection prevention only

Answer

Growth factors only

Question 8

Which type of anemia is most prevalent in the United States?

Accepted Answer

Iron deficiency anemia

Answer

Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia

Answer

Pernicious anemia

Answer

Hemolytic anemia

Question 9

In acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), which cell type undergoes malignant transformation?

Accepted Answer

Lymphoblast

Answer

Myeloblast

Answer

Monoblast

Answer

Erythroblast

Question 10

Which symptom is most commonly experienced in iron deficiency anemia?

Accepted Answer

Fatigue

Answer

Shortness of breath

Answer

Tingling or numbness in the extremities

Answer

Weight loss

Question 11

Which potential complication can arise from untreated pernicious anemia?

Accepted Answer

Neurological damage

Answer

Heart failure

Answer

Kidney failure

Answer

Bone marrow scarring

Question 12

What is the primary treatment modality for acute myeloid leukemia (AML)?

Accepted Answer

Chemotherapy

Answer

Radiation therapy

Answer

Stem cell transplant

Answer

Immunotherapy

Question 13

Which screening test is recommended for early detection of colorectal cancer?

Accepted Answer

Colon cancer screening

Answer

Routine blood tests

Answer

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test

Answer

Mammogram

Question 14

What is the primary therapeutic goal in managing sickle cell anemia?

Accepted Answer

Preventing painful episodes

Answer

Inhibiting the formation of sickle-shaped red blood cells

Answer

Correcting the underlying genetic defect

Answer

Reducing the need for blood transfusions

Question 15

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is characterized by the rapid proliferation of which type of immature cells?

Accepted Answer

Lymphocytes

Answer

Myelocytes

Answer

Erythroblasts

Answer

Megakaryocytes

Question 16

Which blood test is primarily used to diagnose iron deficiency anemia?

Accepted Answer

Iron panel

Answer

Complete blood count (CBC)

Answer

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

Answer

C-reactive protein (CRP)

Question 17

Which treatment modality is commonly employed as the first-line therapy for acute leukemia?

Accepted Answer

Chemotherapy

Answer

Radiation therapy

Answer

Stem cell transplant

Answer

Watchful waiting

Question 18

Which drug is commonly used in the treatment of lymphoma?

Accepted Answer

Rituximab

Answer

Methotrexate

Answer

Tamoxifen

Answer

Tramadol

Question 19

Megaloblastic anemia is caused by a deficiency of which vitamin?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin B12

Answer

Iron

Answer

Vitamin C

Answer

Vitamin K

Question 20

How does the prognosis of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) affect treatment selection?

Accepted Answer

Treatment options for MDS depend on the patient's prognosis.

Answer

Patients with a poor prognosis should receive aggressive treatment.

Answer

Patients with a good prognosis should consider palliative care.

Question 21

Which pathological finding is considered a hallmark of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)?

Accepted Answer

Presence of the Philadelphia chromosome

Answer

Elevated white blood cell count

Answer

Enlarged spleen

Question 22

Which type of anemia is characterized by large, immature red blood cells known as megaloblasts?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anemia

Answer

Aplastic anemia

Answer

Hemolytic anemia

Answer

Iron deficiency anemia

Question 23

What is the primary treatment approach for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)?

Accepted Answer

All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide

Answer

Radiation therapy and chemotherapy

Answer

Stem cell transplant

Question 24

Which of the following is a common symptom associated with polycythemia vera?

Accepted Answer

Intense itching (pruritus)

Answer

Shortness of breath

Answer

Fatigue

Answer

Night sweats

Question 25

Which diagnostic test is commonly used to confirm a diagnosis of hemophilia?

Accepted Answer

Factor VIII or IX clotting assay

Answer

Platelet count

Answer

Bone marrow biopsy

Question 26

What is the fundamental mechanism underlying autoimmune hemolytic anemia?

Accepted Answer

Destruction of red blood cells by autoantibodies

Answer

Reduced red blood cell production

Answer

Abnormal red blood cell morphology

Answer

Increased red blood cell destruction

Question 27

What is the first-line treatment option for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in adults?

Accepted Answer

Intravenous immunoglobulin G (IVIG)

Answer

Platelet transfusion

Answer

Oral corticosteroids

Answer

Splenectomy

Question 28

Which of the following is a recognized risk factor for developing aplastic anemia?

Accepted Answer

Exposure to benzene

Answer

Exposure to ultraviolet radiation

Answer

Family history of sickle cell anemia

Answer

Use of anticoagulant medications

Question 29

Which of the following is a common presenting symptom of acute myeloid leukemia?

Accepted Answer

Fatigue

Answer

Hyperuricemia

Answer

Splenomegaly

Answer

Jaundice

Question 30

A patient with hemophilia A presents with a prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). Which of the following factors is deficient in this patient?

Accepted Answer

Factor VIII

Answer

Von Willebrand factor

Answer

Fibrinogen

Answer

Factor IX

Question 31

Which of the following is a contraindication to the use of aspirin in the treatment of thrombocytosis?

Accepted Answer

History of gastrointestinal bleeding

Answer

Renal impairment

Answer

Elderly age

Answer

High platelet count

Question 32

Which of the following is a common adverse effect of chemotherapy in patients with leukemia?

Accepted Answer

Myelosuppression

Answer

Hypothyroidism

Answer

Renal failure

Answer

Hypertension

Question 33

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of iron-deficiency anemia?

Accepted Answer

Microcytic and hypochromic red blood cells

Answer

Normocytic and hypochromic red blood cells

Answer

Normocytic and normochromic red blood cells

Answer

Macrocytic and normochromic red blood cells

Question 34

What is the most common subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML)?

Accepted Answer

AML with myelomonocytic differentiation

Answer

AML with erythroid differentiation

Answer

AML with lymphoid differentiation

Question 35

In sickle cell anemia, which type of abnormal hemoglobin is primarily responsible for the characteristic symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Hemoglobin S

Answer

Hemoglobin C

Answer

Hemoglobin A

Answer

Hemoglobin F

Question 36

Which diagnostic test is primarily used to confirm the diagnosis of pernicious anemia?

Accepted Answer

Measurement of serum vitamin B12 levels

Answer

Complete blood count

Answer

Bone marrow biopsy

Answer

Coombs' test

Question 37

Which cytogenetic abnormality is characteristic of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)?

Accepted Answer

Philadelphia chromosome (t(9;22))

Answer

Down syndrome (trisomy 21)

Answer

Klinefelter syndrome (XXY)

Answer

Turner syndrome (XO)

Question 38

Which of the following is a potentially life-threatening complication specifically associated with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)?

Accepted Answer

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Answer

Thrombocytopenia

Answer

Hypercalcemia

Answer

Anemia

Question 39

In multiple myeloma, which treatment modality is considered the primary option in most cases?

Accepted Answer

Chemotherapy

Answer

Stem cell transplant

Answer

Immunotherapy

Answer

Radiation therapy

Question 40

Which laboratory test result is characteristically abnormal in hemophilia A?

Accepted Answer

Prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)

Answer

Prolonged prothrombin time (PT)

Answer

Decreased platelet count

Question 41

Which type of anemia is the most prevalent globally?

Accepted Answer

Iron deficiency anemia

Answer

Aplastic anemia

Answer

Hemolytic anemia

Answer

Megaloblastic anemia

Question 42

What is a distinctive characteristic of sickle cell anemia?

Accepted Answer

Sickle-shaped red blood cells

Answer

Increased hemoglobin levels

Answer

Thrombocytopenia

Answer

Normal white blood cell count

Question 43

Which of the following is associated with an increased risk of developing acute myeloid leukemia?

Accepted Answer

Down syndrome

Answer

Hemophilia

Answer

Sickle cell anemia

Question 44

What is a common clinical manifestation of non-Hodgkin lymphoma?

Accepted Answer

Enlarged lymph nodes

Answer

Easy bruising

Answer

Bone pain

Question 45

Which treatment option is commonly used as a first-line therapy for multiple myeloma?

Accepted Answer

Proteasome inhibitors

Answer

Radiation therapy

Answer

Bone marrow transplant

Answer

Chemotherapy

Question 46

Which test is primarily used to diagnose hemophilia?

Accepted Answer

Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)

Answer

Platelet count

Answer

Prothrombin time (PT)

Answer

Complete blood count (CBC)

Question 47

What is a possible adverse effect associated with iron therapy in patients with anemia?

Accepted Answer

Gastrointestinal upset

Answer

Myelosuppression

Answer

Increased risk of infection

Answer

Hepatotoxicity

Question 48

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of myelofibrosis?

Accepted Answer

Bone marrow fibrosis

Answer

Increased platelet count

Answer

Normal red blood cell morphology

Answer

Absence of splenomegaly

Question 49

A 65-year-old male presents with fatigue, shortness of breath, and pallor. His hemoglobin is 10.5 g/dL, MCV is 90 fL, and MCHC is 30 g/dL. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Iron deficiency anemia

Answer

Aplastic anemia

Answer

Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia

Answer

Hemolytic anemia

Question 50

A 40-year-old female presents with a one-month history of fevers, fatigue, and weight loss. Her physical exam is unremarkable. Her complete blood count (CBC) shows a hemoglobin of 4.5 g/dL, a hematocrit of 13%, and a reticulocyte count of 1%. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Aplastic anemia

Answer

Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia

Answer

Iron deficiency anemia

Answer

Hemolytic anemia

Question 51

Which of the following is a risk factor for developing aplastic anemia?

Accepted Answer

Exposure to benzene

Answer

Diabetes

Answer

Alcohol consumption

Answer

Smoking

Question 52

Which of the following is a treatment option for iron deficiency anemia?

Accepted Answer

Oral iron supplements

Answer

Erythropoietin injections

Answer

Blood transfusion

Answer

Chemotherapy

Question 53

Which of the following is a common complication of leukemia?

Accepted Answer

Infection

Answer

Heart disease

Answer

Stroke

Answer

Kidney failure

Question 54

Which of the following is a diagnostic test for anemia?

Accepted Answer

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

Answer

Chest X-ray

Answer

Urinalysis

Answer

Electrocardiogram (ECG)