Media and Communication Models: Theories and Applications

Question 1

Which communication model analyzes the sender's purpose and the intended effects of the message on the audience?

Accepted Answer

Lasswell Model

Answer

Uses and Gratifications Theory

Answer

Agenda-Setting Theory

Answer

Diffusion of Innovations Theory

Question 2

Which communication model focuses on the conversion of messages into signals and back into messages?

Accepted Answer

Shannon-Weaver Model

Answer

Lasswell's Model

Answer

Uses and Gratifications Theory

Answer

The Spiral of Silence Theory

Question 3

Which media theory suggests that prolonged exposure to media content can gradually shape our perceptions of reality?

Accepted Answer

Cultivation Theory

Answer

Agenda-Setting Theory

Answer

Selective Perception Theory

Answer

Uses and Gratifications Theory

Question 4

Which element is NOT a component of the Shannon-Weaver model of communication?

Accepted Answer

Audience

Answer

Information source

Answer

Transmitter

Answer

Receiver

Question 5

In Lasswell's model of communication, 'Effects' refer to:

Accepted Answer

The response of the audience

Answer

The medium used to transmit the message

Answer

The purpose of the communication

Answer

The content of the message

Question 6

Uses and gratifications theory suggests that audiences are:

Accepted Answer

Active users who seek out media to satisfy their needs

Answer

Passive recipients of media messages

Answer

Heavily influenced by media messages

Answer

Unable to critically analyze media content

Question 7

Which of the following is a key feature of symbolic interactionism in media studies?

Accepted Answer

Emphasis on the role of symbols in communication and the construction of meaning

Answer

Focus on the production of media messages

Answer

Belief that media has a limited impact on society

Answer

Rejection of the idea of media effects

Question 8

Which communication model highlights the importance of feedback and the dynamic nature of communication?

Accepted Answer

Transactional model

Answer

Shannon-Weaver model

Answer

Linear model

Answer

Lasswell model

Question 9

According to the cultivation theory, prolonged exposure to certain types of television content:

Accepted Answer

Can lead to increased levels of fear and distrust

Answer

Has no impact on our perceptions of the world

Answer

Provides an accurate reflection of real life

Answer

Only affects children and adolescents

Question 10

Which of the following is a strength of the uses and gratifications theory?

Accepted Answer

It acknowledges the active role of audiences in media consumption

Answer

It can accurately predict audience behaviour

Answer

It provides a comprehensive understanding of all media effects

Answer

It is simple and easy to apply in research

Question 11

According to the Lasswell model, what is the overarching function of communication?

Accepted Answer

To inform, persuade, or entertain

Answer

To surveil and control

Answer

To facilitate relationships and exchange information

Answer

To manipulate and deceive

Question 12

Which theory suggests that media users actively select content that fulfills their specific needs and desires?

Accepted Answer

Uses and gratifications theory

Answer

Agenda-setting theory

Answer

Media dependency theory

Answer

Cultivation theory

Question 13

Which element is conspicuously absent from the core principles of gatekeeping theory?

Accepted Answer

Feedback and input from the audience

Answer

Selective perception and biases

Answer

Influence of news values and editorial judgment

Answer

Potential impact of media ownership and control

Question 14

The Spiral of Silence Theory suggests that individuals who believe their views differ from the majority may experience:

Accepted Answer

Increased conformity

Answer

Increased polarization

Answer

Increased media consumption

Question 15

How does media framing, as defined by Framing Theory, influence our understanding of events?

Accepted Answer

By altering our perception of an event's importance or prominence

Answer

By shaping our attitudes towards specific individuals

Answer

By enhancing our ability to critically analyze media messages

Question 16

According to the Diffusion of Innovations Theory, what are the key stages individuals typically go through when adopting a new innovation?

Accepted Answer

Awareness, Interest, Evaluation, Trial, Adoption

Answer

Attention, Comprehension, Retention, Trial, Adoption

Answer

Initiation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, Maintenance

Answer

Exposure, Persuasion, Reinforcement, Adoption, Loyalty

Question 17

In Agenda-Setting Theory, which factor refers to the media's ability to influence the public's perception of the importance of issues?

Accepted Answer

Salience

Answer

Priming

Answer

Framing

Question 18

How can public relations professionals use the Uses and Gratifications theory to tailor their communication strategies?

Accepted Answer

By understanding what motivates target audiences and crafting messages that meet their needs.

Answer

By controlling the message and limiting audience feedback.

Answer

By using mass advertising to reach as many people as possible, regardless of their interests.

Answer

By creating sensational content to attract attention, even if it's not entirely accurate.

Question 19

Which of the following accurately describes the primary objective of the Shannon-Weaver model?

Accepted Answer

To portray communication as a linear process without disruptions

Answer

To examine the societal effects of communication technologies

Answer

To elucidate the media's role in shaping personal identities

Question 20

In Lasswell's communication model, the intended audience of the message is primarily:

Accepted Answer

The receiver

Answer

The medium

Answer

The sender

Answer

The gatekeeper

Question 21

Which of the following does NOT constitute a limitation of the hypodermic needle model?

Accepted Answer

It acknowledges the active interpretation of media messages by audiences

Answer

It disregards the influence of the media industry

Answer

It oversimplifies the communication process

Question 22

The central premise of agenda-setting theory is that:

Accepted Answer

The media influences the public's perception of the relative importance of issues

Answer

The media simply reflects the public's existing opinions

Answer

The media has complete control over the information disseminated to the public

Question 23

Which of the following is a fundamental concept in framing theory?

Accepted Answer

Media frames influence our interpretation and reactions to events

Answer

The media's portrayal of reality is solely determined by its biases and interests

Answer

Individuals actively seek out media content that aligns with their preconceived notions

Question 24

Which communication model posits that media consumption is a form of observational learning?

Accepted Answer

Social Learning Theory

Answer

Social Cognitive Theory

Answer

Symbolic Interactionism Theory

Answer

Expectation States Theory

Question 25

Which of the following elements in the Shannon-Weaver model refers to the maximum amount of information that can be transmitted through a channel without distortion?

Accepted Answer

Channel capacity

Answer

Encoding

Answer

Message

Answer

Receiver

Question 26

Who developed the communication model that focuses on the 'who', 'says what', 'in which channel', 'to whom', and 'with what effect'?

Accepted Answer

Harold Lasswell

Answer

Elihu Katz

Answer

Paul Lazarsfeld

Answer

Claude Shannon

Question 27

Which communication model places emphasis on the interactive nature of communication, including feedback loops and the influence of noise?

Accepted Answer

Transactional model

Answer

Functionalist model

Answer

Cognitive model

Answer

Linear model

Question 28

In cultural studies approaches to media analysis, which concept refers to the ways in which media portray and construct different social groups and identities?

Accepted Answer

Representation

Answer

Framing

Answer

Ideology

Answer

Discourse

Question 29

Which communication model emphasizes the influence of cultural and social contexts on communication processes and outcomes?

Accepted Answer

Cultural studies approach

Answer

Functionalist model

Answer

Linear model

Question 30

What is a primary advantage of using multiple-choice questions (MCQs) in assessments?

Accepted Answer

Objectivity in evaluating student responses

Answer

Allows for complex and open-ended question formats

Answer

Encourages memorization of facts

Answer

Provides detailed feedback to students on their performance

Question 31

What is the primary purpose of a distractor in an MCQ?

Accepted Answer

To present a plausible but incorrect answer choice that tests students' understanding

Answer

To reinforce the correct answer and provide students with confirmation

Answer

To confuse students and make the correct answer more difficult to identify

Answer

To provide additional information that is not directly related to the question

Question 32

When constructing MCQs, which of the following is a key consideration that ensures alignment with learning objectives?

Accepted Answer

Matching the content and cognitive level of the question to the intended learning outcomes

Answer

Using technical jargon and complex language

Answer

Including a large number of distractors to increase the difficulty

Answer

Keeping the question stem as brief as possible

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT a core component of the Shannon-Weaver model of communication?

Accepted Answer

Feedback

Answer

Source

Answer

Receiver

Answer

Channel

Question 34

Which concept in uses and gratifications theory emphasizes that media consumers actively seek out content to satisfy their specific needs and desires?

Accepted Answer

Active audience

Answer

Agenda-setting

Answer

Selective perception

Answer

Cognitive dissonance

Question 35

Which model of communication is characterized by its linear and one-directional flow of information?

Accepted Answer

Shannon-Weaver model

Answer

Lasswell model

Answer

Transactional model

Answer

Uses and gratifications theory

Question 36

A major criticism of the Shannon-Weaver model of communication is that it:

Accepted Answer

Oversimplifies the communication process by excluding factors like noise and feedback.

Answer

Is only applicable to mass media communication.

Answer

Is too complex and difficult to apply in practice.

Answer

Focuses excessively on the sender, neglecting the role of the receiver.

Question 37

Which advantage of uses and gratifications theory is highlighted by its ability to:

Accepted Answer

Explain the diverse reasons why individuals use and engage with different types of media.

Answer

Predict audience behavior with high accuracy.

Answer

Provide a comprehensive framework for analyzing all forms of media.

Question 38

In the context of communication, which element represents the surrounding environment, including social, cultural, and physical factors that can influence the communication process?

Accepted Answer

Context

Answer

Feedback

Answer

Medium

Answer

Noise

Question 39

Which limitation of the transactional model of communication arises from its focus on:

Accepted Answer

Dyadic interactions, making it challenging to apply to large-scale or group communication scenarios.

Answer

Overemphasizing the role of verbal communication.

Answer

Ignoring the influence of external factors on communication.

Question 40

A fundamental assumption of uses and gratifications theory is that:

Accepted Answer

Audiences are active participants in the media consumption process, making choices based on their needs and motivations.

Answer

Audiences are passive recipients of media content, with little influence on its interpretation.

Answer

Media messages have a deterministic impact on audiences, shaping their attitudes and behaviors.

Question 41

Which criticism of Lasswell's model of communication points to its:

Accepted Answer

Limited scope, as it focuses primarily on one-way communication and does not fully account for the dynamic and interactive nature of communication.

Answer

Overemphasis on the sender's perspective, neglecting the role of the receiver.

Answer

Lack of empirical evidence to support its claims.